Analysis of Act 1 Scene 1 of Measure for Measure

Act 1 Scene 1 at its most basic interpretation is encircling the thoughts and actions of three characters; the Duke, Escalus and Angelo. The reader observes the Duke of Vienna telling Escalus, an his advisor, that he is leaving the city and would like to leave Angelo in his place. Escalus agrees with the Duke's choice and Angelo is summoned. Angelo appears surprised and slightly reluctant of the Dukes offer but accepts it readily. However if the reader decides to prove deeper inside the scene, it becomes clear that the seemingly simple interpretation above conceals a more complex scenarios. Firstly the scene is set the city of Vienna in approximately 1604, the reader is made aware it is Vienna when Escalus states, ‘if any in Vienna†¦'The reader is left to wonder whether the play is set in Vienna because of it beautiful historic acitchecture or it dazzling surrounding. Or if perhaps there is a more fundamental reason such as the plays context, whether for instance the themes running rife throughout the play are so diverse and unconventional for its time, that Shakespeare feared situating it in more familiar surroundings such as England. These imminent revelations help to captivate and develop the curiosity of the reader. The language used in measure of measure is Elizabethan, formal and conventional of its time. The play is composed of words such ‘t'affect' and ‘y' are' which were frequently used during that period. The play is constructed within iambic pentameter are subsequently blank verses. The fact that the verses do not rhyme may indicate to the reader, the sincerity of the issues stirring inside the play. As in most plays, the characters within it help guide the play through its stages. Measure for Measure is not an exception. The Duke appears to be an intelligent and sensitive man who cares about the welfare of his citizens, this is emphasised utters statements such as ‘The nature of our people, Our city's institutions, and the terms For common justice†¦' and ‘ I love the people' although he seems to be dismayed by the by the decay in his city and wishes to reform it. The Duke speaks with formal, somewhat legalistic language of a ruling, noble figure. He uses the royal ‘we' and regards the citizens of Vienna â€Å"our people,† the city is â€Å"our city†. Again demonstrating his status as well as his care for his citizens. His diction is quite elegant in some places; he makes use of alliteration, stating that with his â€Å"special soul† he has chosen Angelo. The Duke also uses paradoxical terms that convey the duties of a ruler; he says he will lend Angelo both his â€Å"terror† and his â€Å"love† to rule with, showing how a ruler must be authoritarian, yet caring for his subjects. This causes the reader to ponder just why he is leaving and what drives the urgency. The Duke seems to confide earnestly in Escalus his advisor. Escalus seems to genuinely respect and look up to the Duke, along with a strong fondness towards Duke. The reader becomes increasingly aware of this throughout the scene. A classic example is when Escalus chimes ‘I'll wait upon your honour' just before the Duke's departure. As a result the reader is not sure whether Escalus agreed with the Duke's choice because of his fondness for the Duke or if hemade an objective decision and agreed. The puzzling issue is likely to befriend the reader and subsequently encourage them to read on. The reader is made aware that Escalus is an intelligent man, when to the Duke reports to Escalus, ‘since I know your own science exceeds, in that, the lists of all advice my strength can give you. Then no remains but that, to sufficiently, as your worth is able'. The reader is left to wander how substantial Escalus's role will be in the remainder of the play. Lastly we are introduced to Lord Angelo. The Duke and Escalus both seem to be immensely confident in Angelo's capabilities. Highlighted with phrases such as when Escalus states ‘ if any in Vienna be worth to undergo such ample grace and honour it is Lord Angelo' and when the Duke states to Angelo that: ‘There is a kind of character in thy life that to the' observer doth thy history fully unfold. Thyself and thy belongings are not thine own so proper as to waste thyself upon thy virtues, they on thee'. Angelo is portrayed as a young trustworthy, righteous able man. However he although he does accept the offer humbly he does express reluctantly and concern as times. For example when he pleads, ‘let there be some more test made of my mental before so noble and so great a figure be stamped upon it'. The reader cold possibly perceive this as warning to his behaviour in the rest of the pay. Angelo's righteous appearance subtley disturbs the reader; the reader is subsequen tly left to ponder whether there is something sinister under this loveable exterior. The imagery of a coin could possibly signify Angelo becoming corrupt and obsessed with money. After the reader's brief introduction to the setting, chracteters and subsequent situation the scene leaves the audience crying what next. As although it is a short scene the reader is overwhelmed with a variety of themes and potentialities. Such as the Dukes intentions. For instance why this imminent departure? Also the reason for the portayl of Angelo is it possibly to contradict his behaviour within the rest of the play. The scene could also be a breeding ground for lots of themes for instance, how power can curopt or how responsibility is handled. To summarise although Act 1 scene 1 appears docile in appearance, the volcano is bubbling with possible revelations waiting to erupt, possibly mirroring the potential pattern for the rest of the play.

Disaster recovery training

It is almost inevitable that at some point, a business or organization will experience a serious calamity that may hinder it from carrying out its normal day to day business operations. Such calamities may include computer malfunctioning, accidents, floods, fires, grievous acts, among others. When disaster strikes, it is important for the organization to have a proper disaster recovery plan that will help the business significantly reduce the losses incurred and recover within a short time frame.For this reason, this organization has set up a talented disaster recovery planning team which will cater for such eventualities. However, even as the expertise of the team cannot be questioned, it is still important for the members to undergo disaster recovery training from a credible third party and be properly certified so as to provide our company with the international best practices and recommendations for the implementation of disaster recovery as well as business continuity. Offering Disaster recovery training to our team will also help prevent our organization from â€Å"reinventing the wheel† (Thejendra, 2008).There are several organizations that provide consultancy and training in Disaster Recovery practices but it is important to choose carefully, those who will train our disaster recovery team so as to achieve the best possible training and exposure. The choice is to a large extent, dependent on their Disaster Recovery certification and relevant experience in this field. Based on these requirements, the following are five possible sources that can adequately train our disaster recovery planning team. They include professional training organizations and academic options. DRI internationalDRI is an acronym for the Disaster Recovery Institute and is a reputable international organization which provides training and certification on disaster recovery and business continuity. The training courses that it offers range from basic to advanced levels and its certification programs are aimed towards helping an organization to maintain its professional level of competence even in the midst of calamity. If contracted, DRI will help our planning team learn how to develop a business continuity management program and come up with proper resilience strategies to overcome disasters in the shortest time frame possible.The training offered by DRI international is quite comprehensive and covers each career level therefore members of our DR planning team can grow and improve their knowledge as they progress up the career ladder (â€Å"DRI International†, 2009). The professional certification is given in five different levels starting from entry level to more advanced levels. The entry level certification training is the Associate Business Continuity Professional (ABCP) which will support our team members who have less than two years experience in this field.The second certification level is the Certified Business Continuity Vendor (CBCV) whi ch is offered to those with more than two years experience and who demonstrate knowledge of the DRI professional practices. Another certification level is the Certified Functional Continuity Professional (CFCP) level which is open for those who demonstrate knowledge, have more than two years working experience and have practical experience in at least three professional practices subject areas.The Certified Business Continuity Professional is offered to those who have practical experience in at least five professional practice subject areas and the Master Business Continuity Professional (MBCP) will cater for those who have more than five years working experience and have practical experience in at least seven professional practices subject areas. DRII certification is internationally recognized meaning that our team will get the best possible Disaster Recovery training and apply it to our organization (DRI International, 2009). Business continuity instituteThe Business Continuity i nstitute (BCI) is an internationally recognized organization that offers training on business continuity. It was started in 1994 with the aim of helping its members to get guidance on proper management of business continuity. This institute offers training and certification on business continuity management through a program known as the BCI professional recognition program. This program is aimed at helping organizations to identify any potential threats to their business and achieve resilience so that they can respond effectively and safeguard their business when disaster strikes.Some of the skills imparted by BCI training include business resilience as well as recovery strategies, business continuity plans and strategies for risk management. (Business Continuity Institute, 2009). Training with BCI can be very beneficial to our organization especially due to its international status. The BCI professional recognition program is a benchmark for assessing best practice and has encoura ged the improvement of business enhancing skills. Our disaster recovery planning team can therefore greatly benefit from the high quality training which this institute is capable of providing.BCI certification is based on the Certification standards for Business Continuity Professionals which are internationally recognized standards of disaster recovery and were published in conjunction with DRI international. Thus BCI certification is internationally recognized and its prestigious status will boost our organization’s credibility and portray us a competent enough to carry out business continuity practices consistently and to a very high professional standards (Business Continuity Institute, 2009). International Consortium for Organizational ResilienceThis is another international organization that offers training on disaster recovery and business continuity. It offers professional certifications through several certification programs that have been tailor made to suit each ca reer level. ICOR courses are offered at the ICOR University and include ten disciplines, among them, Business Continuity Management, Risk Management and Insurance, social resilience and crisis management and communication. The CORA Associate certification program is for entry level professionals and is offered even to those with no work experience.The CORS Specialist certification level is given to those with a minimum of three years work experience and who have a certification in one discipline from ICOR University. CORM manager is a more advanced certification level and for those with more than five years work experience and certifications in at least two disciplines from ICOR University. CORP Professional ICOR certification requires more than seven years work experience and certifications in four disciplines from ICOR University.Finally, CORE executive certification program is for those with more than ten years working experience and certifications from six disciplines in ICOR Un iversity. The credentialing program from ICOR is designed to help students to progress as professionals (The ICOR, 2009). The main aim of ICOR is to empower the professionals who are in charge of business continuity planning with skills that will enable them to come up with adequate resilience strategies for their businesses. If our team trains at ICOR, they will have the benefit of interacting with other professionals making their learning more meaningful.ICOR is also recognized worldwide as offering resilience solutions to organizations therefore if we gain corporate membership, our team will be able to access quite a number of benefits. Some of these advantages include interacting with professionals, having unlimited access to the ICOR library so they can read widely on the subject and have unlimited access to a wide variety of resources. As members, they will undergo thorough training and certification at a lower cost. They can attend professional conferences and constantly be u pdated on what is going on in this field.These benefits will be translated to the organization in from of improved business continuity practices as they apply what they have learnt (The ICOR, 2009). Norwich University This is one of the few academic options which offer training in the field of disaster recovery and business continuity. The disaster recovery course which started in December 2008 is offered at the Norwich online school of Graduate studies under the Masters of Science in Business continuity program. Norwich University developed this program so as to increase the level of training in the disaster recovery field.Among the subject areas that it addresses are policies, systems and procedures that will help a company to carry on with its day to day operations even in the face of a disaster that threatens interruption. Being a military college, Norwich University seems like a natural setting for this program since the military is among the first organizations in the United S tates to initiate contingency planning. The MSBC program will help organizations to strengthen information assurance thereby enhancing business continuity (Larkin, 2008).The MSBC program seeks to help businesses adopt business continuity as a best practice, assessing all business aspects from information technology to supply chains. It will help our team learn how to identify weaknesses in the disaster recovery system. The fact that lessons in this program also involve learning directly from experts and analyzing case studies of those who have actually undergone business interruption at this point and this provides more adequate and relevant information which our disaster recovery planning team can then apply to our workplace.Learning from those who have undergone a disaster first hand is more beneficial than just learning theoretically. The program is provided online so our team members can learn from the comfort of their homes or in the office and as they learn, they apply it conc urrently to the workplace. This can be likened to on the job training, only the company is not providing the training directly. Furthermore, Norwich University is able to recruit instructors in diverse working in their different fields worldwide therefore its students benefit from a wide field of knowledge (Larkin, 2008). Boston University Metropolitan CollegeBoston University is another academic option which offers training in the field of disaster recovery and business continuity. The course is offered online in two distinct programs. One is offered as a Graduate Certificate in Risk Management and Organizational Continuity (RMOC) and the other is offered as a Masters of Science in Business Continuity and Emergency Management (MSBCEM). The graduate certificate program has been designed to help businesses come up with the best strategies to cope with the various calamities that may present themselves in the lifetime of the company (Boston University online, n.d). Students in the RMO C program are taught both proactive and reactive aspects of managing a crisis. The program covers preparedness planning, proper development of a business continuity plan among others. Students will also undergo a simulation of an emergency situation at the workplace and this will help them apply the theoretical concepts that they have learned in the duration of their coursework. Members of our planning team will be able to gain useful knowledge in business continuity.They will be able to gain valuable professional credentials. It is also possible for them to further their training by enrolling in the online Master of Science in specialty management which specializes in Business Continuity, Security & Risk Management. This course is offered to build on the graduate certificate RMOC program and students under the RMOC program can simply transfer their credits to MSBCEM program and complete it only by covering the eight core courses (Boston University Online, n. d).

Bailout shq

The research paper sheds light on George W. Bush $700 billion bailout package, the underlying cause of its release, expected effects, achieved results and future implication in mitigating the severity of US economy in particular and global in general What makes it important? Economy contaminated, debts and deficits escalating, spraining military, image tattering, all but accompanied with the emergence of a new league of Global contenders.Is the American capitalism on the recede, do we see the fading American way of life’ the demise of American dream, is the prodigious military might losing its edge, are the very foundations of democracy, freedom and justice debauched, has really the Global American leadership paled, is this the emanation of era of vacuity or does there lie hope of return anew? Thus the bailout package ‘last in line of Bush legacy’ bears importance not only from the economic recovery perspective but by shoring up the financial vessel’ it goe s a long way in retaining the unchallenged posture of USS enterprise globally.It holds importance as it allows continuance of strings of recovery initiatives taken year back, in the absence of which the policy posture would not only lose its luster but the effort being applied to buttress the confidence would rather lose its very ground. What’s going to be done in the paper? This paper would steer by discussing root cause that ruptured the great balloon while taking into account the amount and extent of damage the great spread have unfurled. This discourse would then lead by rounding up possible steps’ those have been taken and are about to be, lead by their results and possible ramification for the future.We would then highlight other venues and alternatives’ featuring their pros and cons’ thus rounding up our discussion with the present situation on ground lead by some anticipated prognostication about the future concurring outlook. What would be the ge neral conclusion? Our general conclusion would be as vague as had been and exists to be the statistical forecasting models across the financial colossal and economic capitals. We are lingering on bits of every day stats and results while hoping to gain and engender confidence across horizon of politics, consumers, producers and investors.We would be hanging around the ray of hope and light coming across the hazy fog of doubt and tentativeness. BODY Issue/problem In current situation when the Bail-out is out in the market to do wonders and clean up the mess created by all the wrongs and blunders of nearly a decade, just weeks into passing and the same ‘gurus’ conceive no less then a miracle from this quarter a trillion short’ to halt free fall of economy into an abyss of recession. Full scale implosion has rendered shock waves that have taken tool on global scale, the burst of sub-prime bubble, spiraling commodity prices, wide scale collapses and deafening bailout s.But pundits are still in a fix, as they state current spade of crumpling dominos as mere preliminary shock, precluding the greater quake yet to come. With nearly a trillion in bank losses, yet accounting for just a portion of the total conclusive damage’ has brought financial juggernauts of the likes of JP, Merrill, Lehs, Fan & Freds on their knees and a long queue still in waiting, followed by staggering multi trillion in bail outs, yet the spiral sees no end. The rootsFor the past two decades, Americans ‘distracted’ by the direction that its government showed, has been spending much more then they own or allowed by their means, which can be seen by a steady decline of their saving rates that stood at 11% in 80s to -1% today (Jeremy, 2009). The total debt owed by the public amounts to massive $2. 5 trillion without accounting the sub-prime fiasco (Stout, 2008). Of consumption patterns, last decade saw an enormous increase in spending’ bumped up by soari ng housing prices’ though this had been the era of shrinking real wages.Without the wage increases’ riches were being made by selling homes without ever thinking that for how long this cycle would swing, as the point would ultimately reach when stalemate would occur, when people would be left with no money to buy expensive properties. Without such logical thinking, things went on moving so much so that the American home owners extracted nearly $5 trillion since 2001 in various forms like refinancing their mortgages (Stout, 2008), home equity and selling till the dooms day occurred, when whole system based on faltered assumption on the lines of Dot Com collapsed.The reason it has been called ‘distraction’ is the fact that the policies engineered by the government wrongly encouraged the public to tow the dangerous path of callous burning up of goods and services while giving birth to a banking system that fueled this trend, thus slowly and gradually the stru cture moved away from the production and sales, to the addiction of free goods and manipulation of debts. Its severityBut what can been seen are just the ripples of a much greater storm brewing underneath. The enormity of discomfiture can be sensed from the fact that; much touted Financial Bulwarks which had been the symbols of robustness of Western financial system’ shattered one after the other under the weight of digressive mass that they them selves had accumulated. It’s not just a coincidence that all major heavy weights’ having Market capitalism worth economies of whole continents fell in a domino fashion.Chain reaction that imploded out of stray atoms of greed and insatiability, proliferated all out radiation that not only destroyed what ever came in its radius of hazard but contaminated the whole environment’ with effects ready to haunt for decades if not generations to come. From appalling fall of the Lehman to assuaging of Freddies, from taking over of Bears to engulfing of Lynchs, from engineering of Wachovia to warranting AIG, this is the League of Extraordinary Lineage that formed the first line of casualties and wiped out of the face of financial global map.Institutions that bore the brunt of world wars, civil unrest and the jolt of nine-eleven couldn’t hold onto the tremors of massive mortgage eruption. So immense had been the awe that the birth place of free market is forced to ‘nationalize’ the juggernauts of its economy, leaving far lasting scars on its own face. Whether they could ever be healed, doubt it! This patient needs an all out surgery†¦ Key players US is the economy that is run by banks and its derivative financial institutions’ thus it’s the bankers economy.This is the heartland of capitalism’ the motherland of free economy and the greatest champion of demos-cracy. All this comes into being and blends up when we have a strong financial system making up its ba ckbone. Banking industry spreading over a century has gradually formulated an environment where the resilience of economy rests on credit ‘the practice of lending’, thus making customers or more appropriately the consumers as being the second important tier of whole system.Third comes the government that regulates, governs and looks after the regulatory fabric under whose auspices the system works. Fourth comes the wealthy foreign governments that lend their excesses to the US government, financial institutions and its people, acting as investors willing to quench unsubsiding thirst of the whole nation. One way or the other’ the complicity of all four players is there behind spurring the situation out of control and ultimately collapse.And so is the ensuing blame game that is engulfing both the side of Pacific, where the Eastern coast (of pacific) blames the monetary glut of the west for the flow of excessive credit and hence slipping the market while commentator s on the western front criticizes lax regulations that let the wall street and its giant entities to wreck internal havoc to their economy but slipping nullifying their own regulatory frame works.Who ever was responsible’ but one ground on which every body concedes is the let-go attitude of US government that let the bubble grow out of proportion’ the blind eye they let to this fiasco to happen. On every front’ it’s the people (American tax payers) those are to suffer. They lost the credit, lost their homes, lost jobs, burdened their future and indebted their children. For all the follies committed on Wall Street ‘under the auspices of government’ and the preceding foreclosures and bailouts’ these are the ordinary people who are going to pay for each penny being spent’ form their own pockets.What are they trying to achieve To intoxicate the contaminated body. Over the years’ under lax or almost no rules and regulations, A merican banks and insurance and ‘pre-insurance’ industries accumulated charges worth trillions on their balance sheets, which were backed by literally nothing. Thus over the time’ as the mortgage advances climbed up’ it began to create a much bigger vacuum on their back that suddenly ended up in Boom! A shock that made the whole structure collapse under its own weight.Now the government is trying to cleanse this mess, by buying mountains of crap ‘bad assets’ to clear up bank’s balance sheets, keep them until the economy recovers and to sell them back to public when crap turns into something worthy! 5 Thus the underlying cause of this whole drill is to lighten up the bank’s load so that they could get stand again and start functioning by lending. This is vital as banking industry forms the very backbone of US economy and without it their can not be any recovery.This would lead of credit that serves as a fuel for other economic act ivities, the eased credit would halt the fall of other financial and industrial units thus containing the contagion from spread, this stabilization would enhance the investor’s confidence that would ease up the investing and buying constraint that is the cause of pain from other side of equation. Thus the whole bailout or Emergency Economic Stabilization act is a move to stabilize the economy and retort the keel to its original location. Approaches Let us first segregate the two approaches being proposed by two different sects of economists into plan A and B.The former being proposed by the Government and calls for its take over of the whole crisis, the later one to give market the stimulus to act and heal by its own forces. Intervention on such a colossal scale is inconceivable in a country which had been the forefather of free-market and founder of capitalism. Instead of protecting the American Tax Payers, the elected lot seems hell bent in protecting a few. Despising any s anity what so ever, the American government is ready to buy the unsecured assets (otherwise valued at zero) for $65, having a floating market value of mere 25 cents, thus paying 3200% more of their worth (Baker, 2008).RTC (Resolution Trust Corp) made to trace and capture companies before they begin to collapse (Wilson, 2009). It has been created in light of the current Bail out bill that would allow the government to buy bad loans directly from lenders at lower rates that would relieve banks from carrying dead weights, restructure them and sell them off gradually as the market heals and stabilizes, thus mitigating an immediate and blunt affect to the economy and public. Yes, it worked in 80s and banking on its legacy it should work according to Government speculations’ who says an agency is needed to oilify the chocked financial engine.But this agency would work if we tow for plan A, the Bail out etc. What conflicts exists Starting form the fact that United States is the most indebted nation, with a burden of $12 trillion and yearly obligations amounting $500 billion (Bebchuck, 2008), having Forex reserves less then the tiny Taiwan, followed by record budget and trade deficits. To square all, United States economy was in a quagmire already and it’s in ruination after the Big Bang. Various moves on part of Fed to lubricate the economic engine by throwing billions into the parched market seems of little or no help at all.Melting down of financial bulwarks one after the other is evidence of enormity of damage followed by the deafening bail out plan. Isn’t it absurd that US with no money of its own to even buy the Chinese toys is reeling towards this colossal move. From where all this money would come? Print it! No way; a near trillion worth of ‘printed’ Greenback into the market is going to burst yet another balloon of Inflation and nose dive the already struggling Dollar, leading to a chocking scenario. So what else? Borrow more !Already a single country like China holding nearly a trillion worth of US securities would further make America’ the world’s strongest democracy defer to the largest communists (Harvey, 2008). But would they be willing to buy more of the crap US assets? Let’s just forget the world, See who is borrowing. The US Government, but the Government earns nothing of its own. These are the taxes that make and run governments, so more borrowing means added obligations upon the people of United States and their Children and their Grand Children who are being held hostage for the blunders of their own obdurate corporations (Harvey, 2009).Look at the Horizon and see the doom and gloom ? Bears Stern taken over by JP Morgan, Bank of America taking over the 94 years old Merrill Lynch, world’s top insurer AIG pledging for its own insurance (Whalen, 2008), collapse of the 158 year legacy the Lehman Brothers, which had survived the Civil war, world wars, the 9/11 but couldn ’t hold on for this swap, all costing Fed hundreds of billions (Demyanyk, Yuliya S. and Van Hemert, 2008).? Fed Liquidity Program, Economic stimulus package, Federal Housing Admin scheme and further injections has already amounted to $1 trillion (Demyanyk, Yuliya and Van Hemert, 2008). ? The Bail out of Fannie and Freddie alone have price tag of $200 billion (Bardhan, 2008). All but excluding yet another $700 billion proposed bail out for ‘securing’ the faltering US institutions, amounting to a staggering total of $1. 8 trillion!! (Davidoff and Zaring, 2008)The new bill is being floated to each American citizen, with the liability of $5000 each, while keeping aside the $11. 8 trillion of ‘previous’ debt (Davidoff and Zaring, 2008). Now as far as the talk holds for going social or keeping the system capitalist, it doesn’t matter which one operates unless the operators are responsible and sincere to the people who let them operate on their behal f. It is said that the corporate America seems best in capitalist mode as long as the system churns profits and it immediately retorts to being Socialized when faults surfaces.In today’s scenario when all the elements of a healthy financial system are showing pathological signatures of ailments which had been there for long time, but was let to grow to extent of tumor. Yes the Government should move forward as it is their job to cleanse the system of toxics and let the body heal by itself, but wait what we are seeing? Instead of letting the body to recover and reform in its very own ‘natural’ way, the surgeon general is transplanting the whole organs with ‘expectations’ that they won’t be rebelled. What if they would!Then hope the patient would survive. Potential remedies/solutions †¢ Of all the argument, nothing said goes against capitalism and the market system whose strength can be seen in the spread of wealth and economic upheaval of billions of people out of poverty, but the most impressive of its geniuses is its greater healing capacity, the savior fair to purge itself of infections if any that might arise in its body. Today its like an ailing body which needs medication to the extent of strengthening itself and to mend in its own ‘natural’ way rather then forced ministration†¢ There needs to be a global ruling body on the lines of UN that should govern and check world economies and corporations from detracting into direction that would cause harm on global scale. So does the question that’ as to why despite all the warnings by European Central Bank officials, no pre emptive or lets say preventive step was taken at first to check the bubble to expand to such explosive levels and then from a sudden burst? (Bardhan, 2008) If so why wasn’t there no such levy erected to counter the incumbent tide of destructive tsunami†¢ There are more doubts then ever before that the market me chanism of supply and demand triggering ‘fears’ and the so called jolting of ‘confidence’ of investors, leading to massive buying or selling sprees have grown to be shadowy. Proven recently from the Oil price fiasco, its rise and maniac fall clearly shows the manipulative force acting in an unruly fashion. Check the trend which is drifting more towards exploitive ness then genuine speculation (Murphy, 2008).†¢ The whole banking system should be re organized and re founded on a more solid and sound foundations, with revised rules and regulations to halt such a scenario from erupting ever again. Reinvigorating this industry could include equity investment, recapitalization of the bank assets i. e. purchasing the bad assets for cash that would help the fledging industry with the much needed cash while letting the government to exercise a limited control to steer the institutions out of the doldrums (Schwarcz, 2008).†¢ And off course the US Tax payers should not have been dragged to bear the brunt of the debacle and wrong practices of corporate world, which had grown to be voracious and hoggish in its never ending appetite of leasing and lending for windfall profits. Instead of throwing trillions into this engulfing black hole, people should be given relief by letting them pay back through jobs, raised salaries, slashed interests and extended pay back periods. In this respect the Mortgage assistance is necessary’ this could be done in any form i.e either the home owners be given leverage to pay back the borrowed credit by lowering of interest rates, making the payment schedule long enough that should not hamper the life style or the credit for ownership be converted into something like monthly rent’ that would be nominal enough to ward off the burden and wouldn’t render homes unoccupied. CONCLUSION General conclusion & Internal/External forces An incident that took place inside the United States has become a global issue. Thus its not the US alone that is shaping its course’ there are multiple forces now acting on it.Internally the new US administration has taken a shift towards more of stimulating the economy then to put all eggs in caskets of fallen juggernauts. There’s more of realization in extending a helping hand to the Main Street then the Wall, as they believe in giving a push to the unconventional engines of economy to burn then to rectify the more conventional powerhouses’ demise of which lead to this failure. Externally’ all those capitals and their financial entities that had any link in one form or the other has bore the brunt of the great crumple.It’s the sheer size of US economy that can not be ignored, the after shocks of the quake that jolted this land are still being felt across the globe, that transpired into several global integrated moves and till now’ two G20 summits. Issues have now metamorphed and transpired into trade, barriers, national bailouts, global credit, energy†¦and is growing more complex. At the time when single combined stance is direly needed, there’s temptation across the horizon for receding back and protecting own borders by raising the levies across frontiers.The US with all its bailouts can not even come into being without foreign government’s nodes to finance them, America can heal without others lending life saving medicament on credit. And as the fears grow for more nationalistic approach by the US government getting protectionist while confining its bailout money only to the made by American’s industry, fears for back lash from across the shore’ specifically the Pacific would be harmful. Today America needs world more then the opposite, the current recession has already altered focus and has dragged it away.World has benefited and lately suffered from what came out of US shores, what matters now is’ what comes in! What’s the prese nt trend? ‘Glimmers of Hope’ can best describe the present situation as stipulated by the current US President’ supplemented by words of caution that the economy still needed time and a zealous effort to heal lest recoil. The statement might be true if put into context that the free fall is not that free now and things have begun to look less awry and not outwardly defiled.Stock exchange can be seen to trek towards damage attenuation, SMEs are showing desire for loans thus setting forth the signs that they have begun to trust the banking entity ‘again’, tax reductions announced in all of previous packages would soon bear fruit by leveraging pay checks to ease’ thus paving way for mortgage industry to palliate as it offers worthwhile deals because of the all-time-low prices (Spetalnick, 2009). Global economy has become immensely complicated to predict, overly complex to control and wild enough to steer, once disturbed’ it listens to its own.Economies have momentum; it can not be stopped and accelerated by the push and pull of pedals. So is the current situation, despite all the predictions and dooms day scenarios sketched by ‘eminent’ economist of the looming Depression’ the fall seems to lose it g! the burst seems to lose its steam and indications. Though the foreclosures are still there and so are the job and credit loses but they have simple lost the glitter. With bailout replaced by stimulus, the ointment has been replaced by healthy diet to kindle the body to heal on its own. What’s speculation for the future?â€Å"The American moment is not over, but it must be seized anew† Barack Obama, (McCain, 2009) divulging the very resolution that United States is not ready to subside rather it is there to retrieve the lost insight. USA stands to embark on a path to New Leadership with new vision suffused by common principles of humanity, security, justice and above all’ equality , but how can it assume the burden of Global Leadership amid haze of thickening economic extremity? The new commander-in-chief has got a colossal task on his hands’ would he be able to mould new leaf among the folio of history?Dispelling the Dooms day prognostication and economy-on-the-rupture speculations’ there exist a fair chance that the United States economy would be saved and so be the world. No matter how deep the fissures go’ sheer size of US economy would render it afloat, the world as we know today could not and would not let the economic colossal to collapse. Nevertheless on the realistic front, yes enormous amount of damage still roams across and severe confidence deficit exists both on the producer and consumer side’ that could only be addressed by bitter short term moves and bolder long term policies.References Admin, â€Å"World banks make emergency rate cuts. † 700billiondollarbailoutplan 08 Oct 2008 Web. 18 Apr 2009. http://www. 70 0billiondollarbailoutplan. com/2008/10/world-banks-make-emergency-rate-cuts/ Admin, â€Å"The 8 trillion dollar bailout. † 700billiondollarbailoutplan 06 jan 2009 Web. 19 Apr 2009. http://www. 700billiondollarbailoutplan. com/tag/700-billion-dollar-bailout-plan/ Baker, Dean. â€Å"An interview with Dean Baker on the US$ 700bn bailout of financial institutions. † global subsidies initiative 6 nov 2008 Web. 19 Apr 2009. http://www. globalsubsidies.org/en/subsidy-watch/commentary/an-interview-with-dean-baker-us-700bn-bailout-financial-institutions Bardhan, Ashok Of Subprimes and Subsidies: â€Å"The Political Economy of the Financial Crisis† SSRN (October 2008): http://ssrn. com/abstract=1270196 Bebchuck, Lucian. â€Å"A Plan for Addressing the Financial Crisis . † SSRN 28 Sep 2008 24. Web. 18 Apr 2009. . Christopher, Lamy. â€Å"The Financial Crisis of 2008:† SSRN 05 Oct 2008 Web. 17 Apr 2009. http://ssrn. com/abstract=1274337 Demyanyk, Yuliya S. and Van Hemert, Otto, â€Å"Understanding the Subprime Mortgage Crisis† SSRN 5 Dec 2008 http://ssrn.com/abstract=1020396 Davidoff, Steven M. and Zaring, David T. ,Big Deal: â€Å"The Government's Response to the Financial Crisis† SSRN (November 24, 2008). : http://ssrn. com/abstract=1306342 Harvey, Campbell. â€Å"The Financial Crisis of 2008: What Needs to Happen after TARP. † SSRN 05 Oct 2008 Web. 17 Apr 2009. http://ssrn. com/abstract=1274327 Jeremy, â€Å"Full Text and Details of the Proposed $700 Billion Government Bailout Bill – Draft Submitted Sunday Evening. † genxfinance 28 sep 2008 Web. 19 Apr 2009. McCain, John. â€Å"An Enduring Peace Built on Freedom Securing America's Future . † Foreign Affairs Dec 2007 Web. 19 Apr 2009. Murphy, Austin. An Analysis of the Financial Crisis of 2008: Causes and Solutions† SSRN (November 4, 2008): http://ssrn. com/abstract=1295344 Stout, david. â€Å"The Wall Street Bailout Plan, Explained. â €  the NYT 20 SEP 2008 Web. 18 Apr 2009. . Schwarcz, Steven L. â€Å"Understanding the ‘Subprime' Financial Crisis†SSRN (October 30, 2008). : http://ssrn.com/abstract=1288687 Spetalnick, Matt. â€Å"Obama sees signs of economic progess. † Reuters 11 apr 2009 Web. 19 Apr 2009. . Ryan , Stephen. â€Å"Accounting in and for the Subprime Crisis. † SSRN 26 March 2008 Web. 18 Apr 2009. http://ssrn. com/abstract=1115323 Whalen, Christopher. â€Å"The Subprime Crisis: Cause, Effect and Consequences. † SSRN 1 mar 2008 Web. 18 Apr 2009. . Wilson, Linus. â€Å"Debt Overhang and Bank Bailouts. † SSRN 02 Feb 2009 Web. 17 Apr 2009. http://ssrn. com/abstract=1336288

Free write 3 (E) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Free write 3 (E) - Essay Example Essay 1 makes it clear that the color contrast implies the time of the day when the farmer carried the described activity. Adding information such as the farm size can back up the thesis. The size of the farm is large, which implies the availability of land before population increase occurred in the present time. Thus, with all these detail, the constructed thesis in essay 1 is for sure strong. The draft of essay 1 entails a well representation of the key segments of the assignment, which encompasses the description, interpretation and meaning of the photo as recorded or staged. The draft meets the first section of the assignment by giving a vivid description of the photo. As described in the draft, the image is an illustration of the farming method in the erstwhile generations (Vachon 1). The second segment of the assignment seeks to unravel and interpret the underlying meaning of the photo. The contrasting white and black color tells of the period when Vachon drew the image. The photo is recorded since it captures a scene that appears

Islamic Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Islamic Studies - Essay Example I t is consisted of everything that the prophet has spoken of, his decisions on important matters, his opinions and his answers to the queries and doubts raised by his followers and believers. The Hadiths literature which consists of the narrations of the life of the prophet also has played major role in the shaping of Islamic faith. The fact that the Hadith were recorded after the death of the prophet make many to doubt the authenticity and the validity of the Hadith. There are people who consider the Hadith merely as a history book having not much of religious significance. The essay attempts to unearth the understanding of Hadith in Islam religion, and it tries to bring out the differences in the understanding and the practice of Hadith soon after the death of Prophet Mohammed with a special reference to the changed political scenario after the Prophets death. The Hadith assumed greater significance after the death of Mohammed as the believers could no longer ask their questions or clear their doubts from the prophet. So wherever they did not have a specific guideline in the Quran, they sought for it in the Hadith. The hadiths very often acted as the guiding principle for the Muslim way of life along with the Koran. One should not forget the fact that the Hadith was transmitted by the companions of the prophet (his contemporaries and witnesses to his teaching) to the next generation through oral tradition in the initial stages. Therefore, many attempts have been undertaken by the scholars to assess the reliability and authenticity of Hadith. The Hadith was judged based on their content, the degree in which they did not contradict the Quran and the extend to which they resonated divine wisdom. Thus, they were categorized into authentic, good or weak. Hadith were collected and confirmed or proved to be authentic by many scholars; however on e cannot negate the influence of personal bias or prejudices in the process. There was also the risk of interpreting the personal responses of the prophet as having general implications to the Islamic teachings. In the eighth century there was a considerable division in the Islamic thought due to the diversity of thought that the Hadith were not reliable and authentic. This division of thought prompted Muhammad ibh Idris al-Shafi to make a common methodology for all schools of Islamic faith by the end of 9th century. He identified four sources of Islamic law- the Quran, the sunnas or the tradition of the prophet, reasoning by analogies and unanimous agreement. The Muslim community strongly believed that Allah has sent His prophets and messengers to keep them united with Him and Mohammed for them is the last of the prophets. Mohammed proved himself to be a strong religious leader for the Muslims and after his time the Islam community really lacked strong spiritual leaders even though they did have some powerful rulers in the caliphs who succeeded Mohammed. After the death of Mohammed, there weren't any undisputable leaders for the Muslims and one comes across a series of struggle for power and control over the Muslim community and it is interesting to note how this struggle affected the Muslim belief and their way of life. It is these struggles that led to the formation of Sunnism and Shiism, and the underlying reason for most of the conflicts and struggles within Islam can be attributed to these struggles. The original version of the Hadiths suffered various setbacks at the hands of

Integrated Communication Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Integrated Communication Marketing - Assignment Example The most influencing method is the one that converts potential customer to an actual customer (Castronovo and Huang). Event based marketing is the method that has influenced most on the purchasing decision. The reason is attention gained by the sellers and also the right customers being targeted through the well designed events. The method is though costly as compared to other ones but is accurate. The methods that are very common, spamming and random are least influencing methods (Castronovo and Huang). Such methods include email marketing which does not necessarily target the potential customers and the people usually ignore such marketing messages. More than the method, the designed message and the way render it most or least influencing. Mobile marketing influenced once resulting in purchase decision. The message was about the internet package being offered by the marketing personnel. However it was a random message but hit the head’s nail. At another instance at a sports event, the message regarding soccer kit resulted in purchase

Total Quality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 2

Total Quality Management - Essay Example TQM was wielded into a coherent operating philosophy in Japan in the 1950s in its search for better methods to stimulate product quality. Its wisdom and usefulness caught the interest of W. Edward Deming and Joseph Juran who in the 1960s weaved into the Japanese concept their own ideas of quality generation. The TQM strategy was thus enriched by Deming’s statistical process control and Juran’s teamwork and plan-do-check-action concepts. In 1962, all three quality circles combined as TQM was registered with the Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers as a workable concept of organizational process. By the 1980s, when Japan was rising as a global economic power, TQM was picked up by US and European companies.It was institutionalized in 1988 with the establishment of the European Foundation of Quality Management and has since become the basis for the granting of such quality achievement awards as the International Standards Organization. To implement TQM successfully, a n organization must bring its eight key elements into play.These are ethics, integrity and trust, which serve as the TQM basic foundation; training, teamwork and leadership which act as the building blocks; recognition as the roof; and communication as the binding mortar. Based on the strong foundation of ethics, integrity and trust, the building blocks of training, teamwork and leadership are set in place to reach the roof of recognition. Communication then binds all the elements together to work for the accomplishment of the TQM objectives. In so doing, there are three things to consider: the cost of quality, the counsel of quality gurus, and customer satisfaction. I. Cost of Quality The cost of quality is the extra time, effort and money spent by a company for preventing poor-quality products or services from reaching the consumers. In the words of Crosby, P. (1979), it is the price to pay for non-conformance. The cost of poor quality (Juran, J.,1988). As such, the cost of quality is distinguished from the company's expense on raw material, production and labor in that it involves, for the most part, activities on reworks, returns and customer complaints. There are four known types of quality cost: 1. External failure cost - this is associated with defects found after the customer receives the product, the cost incurred in processing customer complaints, returns, recalls and warranty claims. 2. Internal failure cost - the cost of quality associated with defects found before the customer receives the product, which is spent mostly on scrap, rework, re-inspection, re-testing, material review and material downgrade

France History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

France History - Essay Example He goes further to explain how the French revolution and Haitian revolution; influenced the eradication of slavery through enactment of new laws. His claim is valid, as well as the rationale she provides in establishing his argument. In the essay, the writer has outlined the positive effects brought about by French revolution and Haiti revolution. As a way of illustrating, he argued that the French revolution has inspired the American Revolution. In addition, he has stated how declaration of freedom was written. It resulted into freedom from slavery in both Haiti and France. In my opinion, these illustrations were explained properly. Furthermore, the writers attempt to explain the hierarchy of leadership and challenges affecting the two countries; creates a clear impression. From my point of view, discrimination of slaves as being less human is ruthless. It goes a long way to affecting social aspects of an individual. In conclusion, the writer’s argument was expressed clearly. However, the points offered were less. As stated before, the revolution of France was more important in terms of enacting new enlightenment principles; is certainly true. In my opinion, the argument was not properly covered; there was a need for more supportive points. There was need to include extra materials on the related topic; this meant to play a significant role in shedding more light. Moreover, it would provide more points necessary in supporting the thesis statement. There are many sources of information regarding revolution of France and Haiti; although, my focus will be limited to sources with great depth of information. To start with, A Concise History of The Haitian Revolution provides a clear overview of the revolution in Haiti. It elaborates on the impacts of the revolution (Popkin 22). Secondly, The French Revolution of 1789 And Its Impact provides information about the factors that led to the revolution and its effects (Rubenstein 82). Finally, Haitian

Advanced Entrepreneurship Proposal Research Paper

Advanced Entrepreneurship Proposal - Research Paper Example 24). The nature of the product is self explanatory hence most of the customers would not require any introduction or advertisement into the market. The name Qdat is derived from a personal perspective so as to enable the same producers to demonstrate and make recommendations on the best way that the product will be used so that any further scientific implementers may come from other parts of the world to stop over dependence and monopoly that affects product/ service prices (Sampson, 2009, p. 41). Technology Due to fierce competition in the global arena, most companies prefer working with both hardware and software which are compatible with the competitive edge. However, as technology changes customers are forced to damp the current electronic devises so that they could purchase the compatible ones that are able to work under structures and wireless infrastructures respectively. The number of customers whoa re not able to purchase the electronic appliances are able to smile to the sh ops. Qdat is electronic equipment which is able to integrate any electronic gadget that could translate information from and to digital signal.Through Triangle’s Company the poor citizens also are able to have fun and information at their fingertips comparatively to the well off individuals who are able to purchase the new product directly from the electronic shops. ... company are evenly distributed within the global market so as to reach every person who is willing to purchase the microchip and its programs, which could be installed into any communication gadget. When carrying out research on the market and industry, we realized that many people visit social networks frequently. However, this is not the case for those who are not able to purchase top most phones which require a lot of money. Thus it would be practical to start using then gadget as it bridges the gap between the rich and the poor creating a level ground for update both within the neighborhood as well as global surrounding (Harland, 2004, p. 44). In order to efficiently and effectively compete within the business locality, goods and services are produced utilizing the prevailing optimal methods. For a company to achieve a competitive adge, proper logistics are necessary. For instance, the mode of transportation, and the distribution strategy should be effectively and efficiently pla nned in order to conveniently meet the delivery requirements of the customers globally (Sampson, 2009, p. 59). In a business environment, the Triangle Company will utilize supply chain management to organization the work process, from acquiring raw materials up to the point of consumption. Therefore, effective management of Qdat product requires a thorough understanding of business processes and strategy formulation Qdat microchip should utilize the availability of internet services in order to reach a wide market globally (Assaf, 2006, p. 71). Introducing the new product into the market Entering new markets leads to longer lead times, which interferes with flexibility, thus creating the need for more inventories. Sometimes it is not practically possible to shorten lead times further.

Team Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Team Reflection Paper - Essay Example During the ACC 544, Internal Control System, I was a member of team C. The purpose of this paper is to describe the interaction and learning experience that occurred during this course through the team learning mechanism. I have taken over 15 courses at the University of Phoenix online at the graduate level. Each of these courses had team assignments to be performed by a small group of students of 3-6 members. I believe that the university is doing a great job in their teaching methods because it is preparing us for the workplace of the future. Virtual teams are a hot trend in the managerial field due to the globalization movement and the fact that there are thousands of global corporations worldwide. â€Å"Managing a virtual team means managing the whole spectrum of communication strategies and project management techniques as well as human and social processes in ways that support the team. During the last six weeks I had the privilege to work with an outstanding team. It was a pl easurable experience working with a great group of professionals. Starting in week 1 team C always had great communication among the members. Communication in the workplace is an important variable that must be managed well by the leaders of an organization. Communication problems can lead to misunderstanding and conflict. Team C did not experience any of these symptoms. Whenever anyone was called upon to deliver data or information everyone responded promptly. As I mentioned earlier I have been a part of several work teams at the University of Phoenix. I believe that this team has been the most functional and productive team I have ever been in. The academic results prove my premise. Team C received a perfect grade of 25/25 on five projects the team completed. I’m a good student, but I do not have a 4.0 G.PA. Team C achieved perfection due to its hard work, commitment to excellence, cooperation, outstanding communication, and concise writing. I wished I would have had these teammates with me in all my previous courses. One of the best things about Team C was the lack of an ego. In other team I have worked on somebody always wants to be the team leader without getting approval from the other members. Team C did not have that problem. I believe that the leadership responsibilities were shared equally among the members. I loved the fact that the team member willingly divided the work parts without having anyone tell them to do things they did not want to do. Another great aspect about the team was the punctuality of the deliverables. At the University of Phoenix online the members of study teams depend on each other. If one member fails to deliver their work on time it creates a chain reaction that affects the quality of the work of the team. Team C cared about each other and respected the academic well being of the other members. The perfect grade the team was able to achieve in the five assignments will increase the chances of all the team members obtai ning a passing grade at the end of the course. I enjoyed working with this team because there was mutual respect among all the players on the team. The team was very organized throughout the entire course. This help the communication process because everyone always knew what they were supposed to do. I took initiative prior to week four and week five projects of creating an outline a few weeks before of how to separate the work in the team. This strategy worked well as everyone knew

African American in 19th Century Essay Example for Free

African American in 19th Century Essay The Civil war after effects; set the scene for what would become a long road of discovery, hardship, violence, and freedom however, during this process of transition the American people went through emotional as well economical changes which added additional stress to an already stressed nation where many groups became fearful and were subjected to racism which crossed over the boundary of liberty and Justice for all. Equality had become an endangered liberty guaranteed by a country build upon democracy, regrettably the African American people were not the only ones to suffer many vast groups faced hard days in America at the turn of the century several violent attacks were specifically carried out on the African American men and women even though, the civil war brought a lot of changes it produced little or no results for African American men; however, it did bring harsher persecution all over the country, whereas mass numbers of black men were lynched in the lower southern states in a show of defiance. The Emancipation Act did nothing for the white man but still provided less for the African black man who were still unable to vote in addition to having descent jobs with adequate pay many were forced back to the farm as sharecroppers despite the set backs they percervered through the racial remarks and slanders. Black men and women were segragated from the start and separate waiting rooms bathrooms and dinning facilities openly poject the sentiments of the American people of the era,within the State of Mississippi; In Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896), The Supreme Court reinforced that Blacks and Whites should be separate, but equal. The statement SEPERATE but EQUAL! thosewords only produced Segregation on a bias legal system of fairness and equality in which a country struggling already became the fuel on a fire already burning and would later divided the country in later years sparking new violence and refocused hatred. More over the Men and women of that time were forced to swear on separate bibles, they couldnt vote in the election in the country in which they were guaranteed equal rights because they were under disfranchisement, and the racism was developing more and more is some southern locations, for an example many southern states legislated that if your grandfather had cast a ballot then you are allowed to vote and this law supported that nearly all southern white mean were permitted to vote and excluded all African Americans in most situations men whose grandparents had most likely been slaves never voted. Booker T. Washingtons submitted a lot for the African Americans in turn of the century, after his famous speech in Atlanta 1895 (Atlanta Compromise) in about one year the African Americans got more rights, they began to use separated but equal facilities, it was stupid to say the least but it provided a line of truths temporarily and unfourantely included racist ideas inside but it was better than it had been before. Booker T. Washingtons met the American president Theodore Roosevelt at the white house in 1901 and that was a good step towards get the African American and their rights another great pioneer of that time was Du Boise who supported the right for equality and the strive to have equal opportunities within society however Booker T. Washingtons did a lot more for the African American rights, Washington became the Founder of the Niagara movement in 1905. In 1909 the Niagara movement efforts led to foundation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) which now is the enforcing representation of the African American whereas Booker T. Washingtons inspiration became a door way to freedom and allowed the African American man to have a voice in society. Finally, if I was African American living at that time, I will say that Booker T. Washingtons and Du Bois were the best representatives of the African Americans all over the country, and Booker T. Washingtons started the movement of the African Americans civil rights, while Du Bois came later to continue and support his efforts, they were great team and deserve the respect.

Further Reflections on the Public Sphere Essay Example for Free

Further Reflections on the Public Sphere Essay The text is about relationship of state and civil society, the origins of and prospects for democracy and the impact of the media. A kind of rethinking of Habermas first major work, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere published in 1962 and translated into English in 1989 which describes the development of a bourgeois public sphere in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries as well as its subsequent decline. Habermas admits, his theory has changed since then and he reminds readers of these changes. 1.The Genesis and Concept of the Bourgeois Public Sphere The public sphere (Ãâ€"ffentlichkeit ) is an area in social life (standing in-between private individuals and government authorities) where individuals can meet to freely discuss public matters, exchanged views and knowledge and through that discussion influence political action. A vibrant public sphere serves as a positive counterweight to government authorities (are out of the state control) and happens physically in face-to-face meetings in coffee houses and public squares as well as in books, theatre etc. The public sphere emerged first in Britain and in the 18th century in Continental Europe. The newspapers, reading rooms, freemasonry lodges and coffeehouses marked the gradual emergence of the public sphere. Habermas mentions Geoff Eley’s objection to his earlier depiction of bourgeois public sphere is an idealized conception. Habermas admits now the coexistence of several competing public spheres and groups, that were excluded form the dominant public sphere – the so called „plebianâ€Å" public sphere (like Jacobins, Chartist movement). Habermas influenced here by Guenter Lottes and greatly by Mikhail Bakhtin, who opened his eyes to the culture of common people as a violent counter project to the dominant public sphere. Habermas now views quite differently the exclusion of women as well. Habermas asks himself – were women excluded from the dominant public sphere in the same fashion as the common people? He answers himself with „noâ€Å" – the exclusion of women had structuring significance, as it was happening not only in the public sphere, but also in the private sphere. At the end of this chapter Habermas summons up: his bourgeois public sphere was formerly conceived too rigidly. In fact, from the very beginning a dominant bourgeois public collided with a plebeian (and female) one. As a result, the contrast between the early public sphere and the today’s decayed public sphere is no longer so deep. 2.The Structural Transformations of the Public Sphere: Three Revisions This chapter traces the transition from the liberal bourgeois public sphere to the modern mass society of the social welfare state. Starting in the 1830s, a transformation of state and economy took shape. Clear borderlines between public and private and between state and society became blurred, as a result of interventionist state policies. The increasing re-integration and entwining (mà ­senà ­ se) of state and society resulted in the modern social welfare state. In the subchapter 1 Habermas deals with the impact of these developments on the private sphere. Civil society was formerly totally private, there was no difference between social and family life. This changes with the emancipation of lower strata (workers), a polarization of social and intimate sphere arrives. Habermas describes a dispute among two schools in the 1950s, that of conservative Carl Schmitt school (and Ernst Fortshoff) and Marxist Wolfgang Abendroth, that influenced his considerations at that time, though today he distances himself from his approach. In the subchapter 2 Habermas is concerned with changes in the structure of the public sphere and in the composition and behavior of the public. The infrastructure of the public sphere has changed due to changes in media, advertising and literature that has become oriented to new social groups (workers) as well as due to the collapse of the liberal associational life. Since the 1960s, when Habermas book was published, the opportunities for access to public communication became even more difficult. The public sphere is today dominated by the mass media., which turned the critical public into a passive consumer public and caused a decay of the public sphere. Nevertheless, Habermas says his old concept of a unilinear development from a „culture-debating to a culture-consuming publicâ€Å" was too simplistic and pessimistic. Habermas explains this by general situation of media effects studies at that time – he relied on Lazarsfeld’s behavioristic research and had no information brought later by Stuart Hall (audience does not simply passively accept a text). Subchapter 3 deals with the legitimation process of mass democracy and two diverging concepts of public opinion – an informal, nonpublic opinion and a formal quasi public opinion (made by mass media), that often collide. 3.A Modified Theoretical Framework The mass democracies constituted as social-welfare states can continue the principles of the liberal constitutional state only as long as they try to live up to the mandate of a public sphere that fulfills political functions. It is necessary to demonstrate how it may be possible for the public to set in motion a critical process of public communication. Habermas asks himself, weather there can emerge a general interest of the kind to which a public opinion can refer to as a criterion. Habermas could not resolve this problem before. Today he is able to reformulate the question and give an answer. The ideals of bourgeois humanism function today as a utopian vision, which makes it tempting to idealize the bourgeois public sphere too much. Therefore Habermas suggests the foundations of the critical theory of society be laid at a deeper level and beyond the threshold of modern societies. In the 1960s Habermas believed that society and its self-organization was a totality (celek) controlling all spheres of its life. This notion has become implausible today – e.g. economic system of a society is regulated independently through markets. Later emerged his dual concept of society the internal subjective viewpoint of the lifeworld and the external viewpoint of the system. The aim today as he sees it is to erect a dam against an encroachment (naruÃ… ¡ovà ¡nà ­) of system on the lifeworld, to reach a balance between the social-integrative power of solidarity (lifeworld) and money + administrative power (system). Communicative action serves to transmit and renew cultural knowledge, in a process of achieving mutual understandings. It then coordinates action towards social integration and solidarity. This can be met in traditional societies. Less often in posttraditional societies with their confused pluralism of various competing forms of life. Habermas criticizes Rousseau for his utopian concept of the general will of citizens in a democracy as a „consensus of hearts rather than of argumentsâ€Å". Habermas sees the solution in the process of public communication itself. Therefore democracy is rooted in public reasoning among equal citizens. State institutions are legitimate only when they establish a framework for free public deliberation (debata). Such a rational debate is the most suitable procedure for resolving moral-practical questions as well. The question remains how such a debate can be institutionalized so that it bridges the gap between self-interest and orientation to the common good (between the roles of client (private) and citizen (public)). Such a debate must meet two preconditions: presumption of impartiality and ability to transcend initial preferences. These conditions must be guaranteed by legal procedures (institutionalized) and they themselves shall be subject to the law. New institutions should be considered, that would counteract the trend toward the transmutation of citizens into clients (i.e. toward alienation of citizens from the political process). Democracy shall be not restricted only to state institutional arrangements. They shall interplay with autonomous networks and groups with a spontaneous flow of communication, that are the one remaining embodiment of the altogether dispersed sovereignty of the people. Democratic public life cannot develop where matters of public importance are not discussed by citizens. However, discourses do not govern – the responsibility for practically consequential decisions must be based in an institution. 4.Civil Society or Political Public Sphere Political public sphere is characterized by two processes: 1) the communicative generation of legitimate power 2) manipulative power of mass media. A public sphere need more than just state institutions – it requires a populace accustomed to freedom and the supportive spirit of differentially organized lifeworlds with their critical reflection and spontaneous communication – voluntary unions outside the realm of the state and the economy (church, independent media, leisure clubs etc.) They are not part of the system, but they have a political impact, as was seen in totalitarian regimes, e.g. in the communist states of Eastern and Central Europe. In Western-type democracies these associations are established within the institutional framework of the state. Habermas asks himself the question, to what extent such a public sphere dominated by mass media can bring about any changes. This can be answered only by means of empirical research. He concludes with reference to a study No Sense of Place by J.Meyrowitz, who claims that electronic media dissolve social structures and boundaries (like in primitive societies). Habermas disagrees – new roles and constraints arise in the process of using electronic communication.

Crime Data Comparison Paper

Crime Data Comparison Paper On a yearly base, the Federal Bureau of Investigation gathers information from organizations across the country that relates to specific crimes. The Federal Bureau of Investigation looks at the insights and advertises the information, which is known as Uniform Crime Reports. The two metropolitan ranges thats being contrasted throughout this essay is Mobile Alabama and Atlanta Georgia. Police officers must fill completely incident reports for all crimes that are committed. This solely happens if the victim decides to step up and is inclined to provide a report of the crime to the police. Crimes like aggravated assaults, sexual assaults, burglary, murder and property crimes are a couple of models that are gathered and examined every year. Variation in crime rate alters from year to year. The cause for the crime rate to change is due to the lack of the victims that do not report most crimes. The population of an individual region may change. Not all companies report crime information to the FBI for diverse purposes like being short on staff; software information processing system delivery issuance or the way retention of records are self-possessed. The FBI possess distinct announcement on crime thats seen or observed on their internet site www.fbi.gov. Atlanta Georgia had an expected 5,475,213 individuals living inside the twenty-eight districts that make up the Atlanta Georgia metropolitan range in 2009. The previous six years, the metro range included more than 458,568 individuals every year, more than some other in the United States. At this development rate, the anticipated populace of Atlantas 20 center areas for 2020 is 6.4 million. The biggest rate of individuals who moved to Atlanta Georgia originated from New York and New Jersey (Impact The Atlanta Regional Commission, 2014). Atlanta Georgia is a city that is not commanded by one specific race. There are a wide range of societies that make up the Atlanta Georgia populace. Atlanta Georgia is in the south where warm climate is one key element that draws in individuals to move to the range. As indicated by the FBIS Uniform Crime Report, in 2011 there were 3,391 thefts revealed. This number diminished from 3,761 numbers from 2010 (Federal Bureau Of Investigation, 2016). In connection to, the socioeconomics Mobile Alabama has an aggregate of 198,915 occupants (Mobile Alabama Demographics, n.d.). The Federal Bureau of Investigation detailed 1,897 thefts in 2011 and 1,761 in 2010 (Federal Bureau of Investigations). It is unmistakable to notice that there was a slight ascent in robberies from 2010 to 2011. Adjusting to the socioeconomics for Mobile Alabama the normal populace underneath the destitution level was 17.9% (Mobile Alabama Demographics, n.d.). Then again, the evaluated middle wage in 2009 was $35,068 and the per capita pay was 21,561 (Mobile, Alabama, 2017). Atlanta Georgia had a larger number of thefts revealed than Mobile Alabama in 2010 and 2011. The quantity of thefts declined in Atlanta by 331 in 2011. The quantity of robberies expanded in Mobile by 136 from 2010 to 2011. The wrongdoing numbers may appear to be high to a few notwithstanding, when taking the populace for these regions into thought, the number truly are not that awful. This examination discloses to me that wrongdoing is higher in certain geographic zones than others in view of various variables. Some would incorporate the racial obstructions, wage level, business, and numerous different components. A few elements could be at fault for the adjustment in the numbers. We need to consider that Atlanta Georgia has more populace than Mobile Alabama. The more populace that a range has the more noteworthy the open door is for violations to be conferred. The economic level altered because people lost their residence and jobs. This could exceptionally well add to the numbers expanding. Investigating what could help diminish numbers could be offices building up a theft team. Rehash guilty parties may have been gotten and given a stiffer discipline, for example, correctional facility or jail sentences. A few wrongdoings additionally might not have been accounted for to the police, which could add to the lessening in specific violations. Nobody can totally avert wrongdoing or anticipate the wrongdoing rates. There are many variables that have an influence in these violations. Some of these elements incorporate the neediness level inside a specific range. Race and distinctive ethnical foundations can add to high wrongdoing rates in a few territories. The quantity of wrongdoings announced every year may increment or lessening inside a geographic region relying upon various key variables. References Impact The Atlanta Regional Commission. (2014). Retrieved from http://file:///C:/Users/leidi/Downloads/ARC-Climate-2014-Full.pdf Mobile, Alabama. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.city-data.com/city/Mobile-Alabama.html Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2016). Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/ Mobile Alabama Demographics. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttp://mobile.alabama.com/demographics.html

edgar allan poe :: essays research papers

American poet, a master of the horror tale, credited with practically inventing the detective story. Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts, to parents who were itinerant actors. His father David Poe Jr. died probably in 1810 and his mother Elizabeth Hopkins Poe in 1811. Edgar was taken into the home of a Richmond merchant John Allan and brought up partly in England (1815-20), where he attended Manor School at Stoke Newington. Never legally adopted, Poe took Allan's name for his middle name. Poe attended the University of Virginia (1826), but was expelled for not paying his gambling debts. This led to a quarrel with Allan, who later disowned him. In 1827 Poe joined the U.S. Army as a common soldier under assumed name and age. In 1830 Poe entered West Point and was dishonorably discharged next year, for intentional neglect of his duties. Little is known about his life in this time, but in 1833 he lived in Baltimore with his father's sister. After winning a prize of $50 for the short story "MS Found in a Bottle," he started a career as a staff member of various magazines, among others the Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond (1835-37), Burton's Gentleman's Magazine in Philadelphia (1839-40), and Graham's Magazine (1842-43). During these years he wrote some of his best-known stories. In 1836 Poe married his 13-year-old cousin Virginia Clemm. She burst a blood vessel in 1842, and remained a virtual invalid until her death from tuberculosis five years later. After the death of his wife, Poe began to lose his struggle with drinking and drugs. He addressed the famous poem "Annabel Lee" (1849) to her. Poe's first collection, Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque, appeared in 1840. It contained one of his most famous works, "The Fall of the House of Usher." During the early 1840s Poe's best-selling work was The Conchologist's First Book (1839). The dark poem of lost love, "The Raven," brought Poe national fame, when it appeared in 1845. The Murders in the Rue Morgue(1841) and The Purloined Letter are among Poe's most famous detective stories.

The Character of Falstaff in Shakespeares Henry IV, Part I Essay

The Character of Falstaff in Henry IV, Part I      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare's genius in character and plot development is exemplified in two of his most complex history plays, Richard II and Henry IV, Part I. With these sequential plays, Shakespeare vividly develops characters and sets up complicated plots by juxtapositioning people with others. Specifically, he first creates a binary opposition between Richard and Bolingbrook in Richard II, and then, recalls the plot and carries out an almost mirror image character contrast with Hal and Hotspur in Henry IV, Part I. However, in typical Shakespeare fashion, the seemingly mirror-image binaries of Richard/Bolingbrook and Hal/Hotspur break down with Shakespeare's character complexity.    A major reason why these character parallels do not perfectly hold up is because of the marvelous character of Falstaff. Absent from Richard II, Falstaff is introduced in Henry IV to create intricacy and ambiguity regarding likenesses among these characters. Falstaff significantly complicates the Hotspur-is-to-Bolingbrook-as-Hal-is-to-Richard II assumption because Falstaff has so much in common with the King. Therefore, as opposed to Hotspur's becoming the Bolingbrook persona, it is the drunken and disorderly Falstaff who becomes the character most parallel to the King. However, the King associates himself with Hotspur, who, as his name suggests, is a relentless warrior. The King puts forth a sense that Hotspur will act as Bolingbrook did in Richard II, by challenging the Prince's right to the throne; he feels that Bolingbrook's rivalry with Richard is reflected in Hotspur's position as Hal's challenger.    In the first scene of Henry IV, Part I, King Henry immediately ... ...tspur seems unfitting. Adding complexity to characterization through his comical action, Falstaff is a crucial character in Henry IV, Part I, and it is through the character of Falstaff that we see the parallel between Hotspur and Bolingbrook breaks down.    Works Cited and Consulted Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. H.C. Robinson's Memoranda Henry IV, Signet Classic, pp. 236-237. Goldman, Michael. Shakespeare and the Energies of Drama Henry IV, Signet Classic, pp. 260-261. Johnson, Samuel. The Plays of William Shakespeare Henry IV, Signet Classic, pp.234- 235. Kahn, Coppelia. Man's Estate: Masculine Identity in Shakespeare Henry IV, Signet Classic, pp.262-266. Shakespeare, William. Henry IV, Part I, ed. M.A. Shaaber, Penguin Books (NY: 1985). Wilson, John Dover. The Fortunes of Falstaff Henry IV, Signet Classic, pp.238-243.   

The Incomparable Evil in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Othello essays

The Incomparable Evil in Shakespeare's Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚   Shakespeare?s tragic drama Othello disturbs audiences because of the intense, diabolical evil involved in the plot development. Let?s explore the evil in the play, especially in the character of Iago.    In his book of literary criticism, Shakespearean Tragedy, A. C. Bradley gives an in-depth analysis of the brand of evil which the ancient personifies:    Iago stands supreme among Shakespeare?s evil characters because the greatest intensity and subtlety of imagination have gone to his making, and because he illustrates in the most perfect combination the two facts concerning evil which seem to have impressed Shakespeare most. The first of these is the fact that perfectly sane people exist in whom fellow-feeling of any kind is so weak that an almost absolute egoism becomes possible to them, and with it those hard vices ? such as ingratitude and cruelty ? which to Shakespeare were far the worst. The second is that such evil is compatible, and even appears to ally itself easily, with exceptional powers of will and intellect. (216)    H. S. Wilson in his book of literary criticism, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, addresses the character of the general?s ancient:    With such a man everything is food for his malice. There is no appeasing him. His ego feeds upon the misfortunes he contrives for others, and what he feeds on only makes him hungrier. He is proof   against pity and remorse alike, as his last interview with Desdemona and his sullen defiance of his captors at the end only too painfully show us. In short, he is the demi-devil that Othello finally calls him, half a devil and half a man; yet the littleness in each of his components is... ...s Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wayne, Valerie. ?Historical Differences: Misogyny and Othello.? The Matter of Difference: Materialist Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare. Ed Valerie Wayne. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.    Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. ?The Engaging Qualities of Othello.? Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p.: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957.   

Price Adjustment

Question 3 Compute a sales dollar base index for Midwest Sales, Inc. , to analyze the following quality cost information, and prepare a memo to management. Answer {draw:frame} Question 4 Analyze the following cost data for product B. What are the implications of these data for management? Chart these data. Calculate the quality indices as a relationship to the cost sales. Product B Quality categories as a percentage of Quality Cost Answer {draw:frame} CoQ graph {draw:frame} From the data above, the management team will know how much they have spending in order to get a high quality product. From here, the company must rearrange their production planning in order to produce a high quality product without putting an extra budget. Analyze the cost data from ABC Corp. What are the implications of these data for management? How do these data differ from those in problem 4? Answer {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} Based on the three pie charts above, it can be clearly seen that the total quality cost of non conformance (internal and external failure) can be reduced by increasing the conformance cost (appraisal and prevention) until it reached the optimum cost per good unit of product. It means that the company can only increase the conformance cost until certain limit in order to reduce the non conformance cost. When the conformance cost increase so much, it will result the increasing of non conformance cost as shown in Product C. Hence, the management needs to consider the cost by analyzing the profits based on the data that they got. Question 7 Prepare a graph or chart showing the different quality cost categories and percentage for the Great Plates Printing Company. Answer {draw:frame}

Relationship between HRM and Line Manger Essay

Abstract Management of Human resource has gained paramount importance over the past few years. HRM has become an integrated part of all organisations. HRM plays a pivotal role in strategy planning, management and crucial decision making, therefore shifting the day to day implementation of HR initiatives to the Line Managers. Line Managers play a very important role in HRM and have been influential in the implementation of HR policies. HRM and Line Managers work in Tandem to achieve the goals laid out by the organisation. Hospitals and health care centres have recognised the importance and effectiveness of HRM and have made reforms to include HRM as an important part of their organisational structure. see more:explain how maintaining, regaining or developing skills can benefit individuals HRM provides hospitals with skilled staff and effective policies to implement their strategies. They are involved in strategic decision making of hospitals and provide guidance and help with government compliances. Line managers have also played their part by implementing day to day policy and practices and therefore ensuring the safety and well-being of staff and employees. HRM has its set of goals and functions which aim to increase the productivity and efficiency of employees and is involved in recruiting, motivating, training, compensating and developing human resources. The various aspects and themes of HRM lay emphasis on sustainability, integration, applicability and being influential. Introduction Organisations have for several years adopted various strategies and management skills to increase their efficiency and productivity. Management of human resources (HRM) has been of paramount importance to the stability and growth of organisations. Various macro and micro management strategies have been developed to optimise the development of human resources. HRM is involved in recruiting, motivation and development of human resources in an organisation. William R. Tracey (The Human Resources Glossary) has defined Human Resource as â€Å"The people that staff and operate an organization as contrasted with the financial and material resources of an organization.† With growing emphasis of the role of HR in an organisation, the HRM is also  playing a pivotal role in strategy planning, management and crucial decision making, therefore shifting the day to day implementation of HR initiatives to the Line Managers. Line Manager is the personnel that is directly involved in the administration and management of certain category or specific group or individuals and is responsible for the recruitment, performance analysis, discipline, productivity, motivation and growth of the group or individuals in tandem with the goals and needs of the organisation. Overview of HRM in Hospitals and health care sectors Hospitals and Health Care Organisations have faced various reforms over the past few years but the focus on the management of human resource has taken precedence recently. HRM plays a very important role in hospitals as implementation of sophisticated and relevant HR policies and trainings have made improvement in the patients mortality rate (West, 2000). HRM in hospitals has a very important role to play. HRM in hospitals carry out some very important functions such as managing the complexities of employee relations, handling employee recruitment, conducting hospital job audits, defining compensation plans and ensuring that the government compliances are being met. HRM in hospitals is also involved in handling issues of various aspects such as legal, ethical, health and safety. HRM also takes care of important functions such as recruitment, training and motivation, carrying out job analysis and strategic planning leading to the improvement of patient care. The above mentioned functions and policies are focused on building a strong relation between the organisation and the employees and achieving all the goals laid down by the hospital. While HR managers are involved formulating policies and approaches for the above mentioned functions, the execution of these are left to the line managers. Line Managers play a very vital role in implementing and enacting the HR policies and practices. They are the interface between employees and management therefore creating a healthy work culture. The primary function of line managers in hospitals are to provide sophisticated appraisals and extensive training , allocating specialised teams for technical requirement, fulfilling the day to day implementation of policies, supervising adherence to safety measures and acting as advisers to doctors, nurses and other medical staff on matters that affect the daily functions and personal lives  of hospital employees. Line managers are the frontline soldiers who execute the policies specified by the higher level of managers. (Larsen,2003). Line managers play a very important role between hospital management and hospital employees. Line managers are more often than usual HRM specialists rather than medical professionals. The job of the line manager as you stated is to implement hospital policies and ensure than these policies and corporate strategies are adhered to. Policies such as overtime wages, overtime shifts, requests for newer instruments, requests for new wardrobes, requests for increments etc; are all done through the line manager. Many times employees are not medical professional they are not able to tell when the proper time for changing the usable in the hospital is. Things such as disposable items, wardrobes, better machines, training and others are told to the line manager by the head nurses or department in charge. In case such a line manager is focused on cost effectiveness or other then he/she is unwilling to listen or even downplay the importance of changing these commodities. The above is one aspect where the line manager is not a medical professional but just a policy implementer. The second scenario can also be where the line manager is a medical professional and also part of the department. For example, the specific line manager can be the department in charge or head nurse. In that case the line manager himself knows exactly what the situation is with his soldiers. He knows what tools they need, what support, when to justify increments, or improve daily wages, etc. Role of Line Manager and HR Manager The role of HR manager is that of a strategic partner. HR managers are concerned with formulating strategies and policies for the important functions in an organisation. The role of HR managers involves tasks such as designing of work positions and developing policies for recruitment, recognition, compensation, employee development, appraisal, career and succession planning. They extend their expertise to provide sophisticated learning and develop a proper development and training environment for the employees. They support knowledge sharing and are involved in advocating the practice of policies and are also involved in bringing changes to practices as per the requirements. (Amit,1999) The role of Line Managers is that of an executive. Line Managers directly manage employees and are responsible for the administrative and functional management of individuals. Their  duties involve disciplining and motivating the employees, taking care of day to day management of HR functions, undertaking performance appraisals and allocating work to the employees. They are also involved with monitoring, training and providing guidance and advice to the employees. Line Managers implement the HR policies and practices and are therefore the interface between the individual and the management. Employees have an interactive relation with the line managers and due to this, their performance, loyalty and work satisfaction is based on the same. The Line Manager has the additional responsibility of selecting, recruiting and managing the performance of the line managers to ensure the most efficient utilization of resources.(Cunningham,1995) Goals of HRM The human resource department follows some basic key functions and operational elements that have been developed keeping in mind the growing trends and requirements of large and small organisations which have understood the importance and essence of the human resource for the welfare and development of the organisations. The primary goal of HRM is recruitment of qualified, competent and skilful employees that meet the requirements of the organisation and help ineffectively achieving the goals and objectives of organisation. HRM carries out effective recruitment through various measures such as psychometric evaluation, conducting interviews etc. Line managers help the HRM in achieving the goal of recruitment by evaluating and determining the requirement criteria for the vacancies available in the organisation and by actively helping with the recruitment process. Effective and quick recruitment is achieved only through successful co-operation between the HRM and Line Managers. The line manager’s help in evaluating the numbers of doctors, nurses and staff are required for the functioning of the hospital and then help in recruiting the right doctors and medical staff for achieving the safety and prevention measures for patients. (Bowen, 2004) Another important goal of the HRM is Organizational planning. HRM needs to decide on important matters such as the recruitment of requisite number of employees and formulating policies for training, maintenance, compensation, review and welfare of the employees. The management has the responsibility of recruiting employees according to the job requirement and focusing on being result oriented. Based on their interactions and research, Line  managers help in the goal of organisational planning by providing the evaluations and assessments for the required number of employees for the formation of a proper functioning team. They also support the achievement of this goal by providing the required training and development to harness the skills of the employees. With constant and compulsory training, the employees are constantly updating their skills and thus enhancing their performance. Line managers constantly evaluate the employees to monitor their performance. (MacNeil, 2003) Key Functions of HRM To achieve its goals HRM performs various key functions which help in achieving those goals and attaining the objectives of the organisations. Managerial functions of HRM involve planning, organising, directing and controlling. Planning pertains to formulating strategies and actions that will contribute to achievement of the goals of the organisation. This involves the planning of personnel needs, recruitment, training and selection of employees. It also consists of forecasting various requirements of the organisation and analysing the behaviour of employees to optimise their performance and well-being. (Hope†Hailey, 1997) Organisation is a process by which the planning is carried out to achieve the planned goals. Different departments have different needs and therefore a complex relation exists between the departments. One of the key functions of HRM is organising and establishing relationships between the departments and to collectively achieve objectives and goals. Directing means overseeing the activities which have been decided after planning and organising stages. This helps in confirming that the plans are being executed as planned. Attainment of goals can be achieved through proper direction ensuring effective cooperation of employees. After planning, organising and directing various activities, the performance has to be verified in order to determine if the functions have been performed as planned. Controlling provides this confirmation by checking, verifying and analysing to ensure the achievement of the planned goals. Operative functions are related to activities specific to personnel management with compensation, recruitment, development and relations .Compensation has a direct effect on the well-being and performance of employees. Being a strong tool of motivation, HRM manages to bring in skilled employees and provides motivation and  well-being of the personnel. Adequate compensation enhances performance and inculcates loyalty in employees. Right compensation creates healthy work culture and elaborates on the fact that management wants to retain the best. Development of human resource is of vital importance as it prevents stagnation of employees and harnesses their skills and helps in the development of the organisation and brings in a feel good factor in employees. (Stevens, 1994) Recruiting the right personnel is the key to the performance of an organisation. The recruitment of the right personnel and the appropriate number of employees will help in building relations and retaining employees and creating a healthy and balanced work culture. HRM is involved in various activities and takes proper measures to recruit the right employee for the required job so that the performance of the employee is enhanced therefore enhancing the overall growth of the organisation. Adhering and practicing the human resource policies and programmes like interaction, compensation, motivation and development creates a relationship between the employees and the management hence creating faith in the management. Human relations help in integration of various departments and motivates them to work with economic, social and psychological satisfaction. (Cunningham, 1999) Key Approaches and Contextual themes in HRM The key approaches and themes of HRM are Sustainability, Influential, Integrated and Applicable. HRM should be sustainable i.e. HR policies and practices should be such that they are sustainable in the future. The frame works should be designed in such a way that the policy and norms are to surpass the present requirement and can be maintained in the future thus requiring minimum changes. HRM should be influential so that the organisation can be flexible and be able to achieve its goals and objectives without any troubles and hiccups. The senior management should be able to influence the employees to enhance performance and have a dedicated approach to training and development. HRM should be Integrated i.e. it should be able to integrate the organisations’ various departments and bring compatibility between departments so that they can work effectively with mutual co-operation and understanding. Delegating work and optimising the efficiency of the work force can only be brought forward through integration HRM should be Applicable i.e. HR policies should be such that the policies  and programs of HRM should be in tandem with the work output of the organisation. HRM policies relevant to a car manufacturing plant will not be effective in a hospital. Policies for hospitals should be such that they are relevant to the well-being of the patients and medical staff. Therefore HRM policies should be applicable to the type of organisation that it is being created for.(Buyens, 2001) Conclusion From the above analysis, we can conclude that HRM plays a vital and pivotal role in all organisations including hospitals and healthcare sectors. HRM designs policies and programmes to meet the requirement of the organisation and therefore helps in achieving the set goals. Hospitals have very recently realised the importance of HRM with respect to the development, sustainability and achievement of goals. HRM has not only improved the quality of work force but has also provided the means for safety and well-being of employees and patients in hospitals. The above mentioned points have highlighted the importance of Line Managers in respect to the implementation of HR policies and programmes. Line managers act as the interface between the management and employees and help maintain a healthy relation between them. Line Managers carry out various HR functions on micro level like recruitment, appraisal, training and development of employee. HRM acts as a strategic partner and integrates various departments and helps in coordinated functioning of an organisation to achieve the goals and objectives of the organisation. HRM should always aim to design its policies and programmes to uplift the work culture and improve the wellbeing of the employees. They play an important role in enhancing the performance of the employees and also in the development of the organisation. (Points to add to the report in my opinion but due to lack of word counts I am just high lighting them only) Line managers and their credentials. Are they doctors? Are they HRM experts? Who understands the problem better? Line manager, over worked and under paid Line manager’s unwillingness to convey hurdles to HR due to groupthink or fear of rejection Personnel management capabilities of Line Managers References 1. West, M. A., Borrill, C., Dawson, J., Scully, J., Carter, M., Anelay, S., †¦ & Waring, J.. The link between the management of employees and patient mortality in acute hospitals. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(8), 1299-1310. 2002 2. Larsen, H. H., & Brewster, C. Line management responsibility for HRM: what is happening in Europe? Employee Relations, 25(3), 228-244. 2003 3. Cunningham, I., & Hyman, J. Transforming the HRM vision into reality: the role of line managers and supervisors in implementing change. Employee Relations, 17(8), 5-20 1995 4. Bowen, D. E., & Ostroff, C.. Understanding HRM–firm performance linkages: The role of the â€Å"strength† of the HRM system. Academy of management review,29(2), 203-221. 2004 5. MacNeil, C. M. Line managers: facilitators of knowledge sharing in teams. Employee Relations, 25(3), 294-307. 2003 6. Hope Hailey, V., Gratton, L., McGovern, P., Stiles, P., & Truss, C. A chameleon function? HRM in the â₠¬Ëœ90s. Human Resource Management Journal,7(3), 5-18. 1997 7. Buyens, D., & De Vos, A. Perceptions of the value of the HR function. Human Resource Management Journal, 11(3), 70-89. 2001 8. Stevens, M. J., & Campion, M. A. The knowledge, skill, and ability requirements for teamwork: Implications for human resource management. Journal of management, 20(2), 503-530. 1994 9. Cunningham, I., & Hyman, J. Devolving human resource responsibilities to the line: beginning of the end or a new beginning for personnel? Personnel Review,28(1/2), 9-27. 1999 10. Amit, R., & Belcourt, M. Human resources management processes: a value-creating source of competitive advantage. European Management Journal, 17(2), 174-181. 1999