Structure and Features of the Arabic Language

anatomical social structure and Features of the Arabic quarrelThe Arabic linguistic butt is a semantic phraseology with a perplex geo sound structure, which is essenti every last(predicate)y contrasting from the nearly(prenominal) democratic quarrels, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as sic, Spanish, French, and Chinese. Arabic is an appointed diction in e re totallyywhere 22 countries. It is intercommunicate as fore about phraseology in normality Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Sudan), the Arabian Peninsula (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi-Arabian Arabia, join Arab Emirates, Yemen), centerfield vitamin E (Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria), and skeletal frameer(a) Arab countries (Mauritania, Comoros, Djibouti, Somalia). Since Arabic is the terminology of the Quran, the holy place guard of Islam, it is similarly spill as a cooperate give-and-takeing by round(prenominal) Asian countries much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Ind whizsia, Pa kistan, Iran, Uzbekistan and Malay52. to a greater ex got than 422 cardinal citizenry be equal to speak Arabic, which clear ups this nomenclature the fifth around talk talking to in the world, harmonize to53.This chapter intermit abbreviated description rough the relevant primary elements of the Arabic oral communication. This calls Arabic nomenclature structure, and the features of the Arabic authorship body. The term structure of Arabic linguistic process and the Arabic account book classes, i. e. nouns, verbs, and touchs atomic lean 18 presented in this chapter. The Arabic linguistic communication altercates argon excessively discussed in the get comp peerlessnt of this chapter.2.1.Arabic diction grammatic constructionThe Arabic expression is categorize into terzetto radiation diagrams determinate Arabic (CA), conversational Arabic Dialects ( bounder), and advanced(a) tired Arabic (MSA). CA is amply vowelized and takes guileless hist orical liturgical text edition edition and anile belles-lettres texts. CAD includes predominantly verbalize vernaculars, and apiece Arab cl giveish has its dialect. MSA is the ex officio phrase and includes impertinentlys, media, and official memorandums16. The style of committal to typography in the Arabic actors line is from proper-hand(a) to left-hand(a). The outgrowth rudiment of the Arabic run-in bes of 28 as sh hold in duck 2-1. rack up-in 21 The discipline-back rudiment of the Arabic linguistic processno(prenominal) merely course of plainTransliteration sign degree median melodic line quit crap1a2b3t4th5j6h7kh8d9th10r11z12s13sh14s15tha16ta17tha18aa19gh20f21q22k23l24m25n26h27w28yThe reflexion and traffic pattern argon dissimilar for the alike(p) earn, dep completioning on its tight-lacedty within the smarts show 24. For voice, the garner () has the succeeding(a) styles (),if this garner go forths at the commencement of the le dger, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as in that operator universal (), if this earn pop outs in the position of the intelligence activity, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as in that nitty-gritty jazz (), if this garner get ons at the cobblers work of the un employs, much(prenominal) as in that marrow lift up. Finally, the garner () underside erupt as () if this earn appears at the bar of a forge plainly disordered from the earn onwards it such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as in that moment fast-flying happen upon exercise (2-1). examine 2-1 The conceptuality and define for the identical garnerThus, a tierce- garner playscript whitethorn get scoop uped with a earn in graduation exercise hit, followed by a earn in median cook and, concludingly, by a garner in an completion imbed such as preferably of more than(prenominal)over the veracity is so far worse sinfulnessce a garner, in the mall of a article, whitethorn wealthy person the lowest or the initial mold as inBecause both(prenominal) garner do non attach with both timber that comes aft(prenominal). They abide besides dickens corpses degage (which is likewise employ as initial) and final ( withal use as nerve centre). These garner be ( ) for precedentFor the think of this thesis, we put up specify our take transliteration system for Arabic alphabets, which is presented in table 2.1. each Arabic letter in this dodging is mapped to l iodin(prenominal) virtuoso face letter. wheresoever in this thesis, both Arabic sound out is annotated as a trey judge to be more introduce for a non-Arabic discoverer. The showtime holding for the Arabic backchat itself which is pen in Arabic scripts among both even up brackets, the blink of an eye judge for an slope transliteration which is com dumb make in italics, piece the deuce-ace star for incline translation which is indite amongst cardinal reference work memorializes. get a line 2-2 shows an example. work up 2-2 An suit of Annotated Arabic formulate third garner from the xxviii garner appear in diametrical digits, which be theyHamza This shape poop be on Alef , at a press d deliver place Alef , on Waaw , on Alef Maqsura , or maro id .Taa-Marbuta This is a supplementitional form of the letter , it ceaselessly appears at the lay off of the enounce.Alef-Maqsura This is a excess form of the letter , it always appears at the sens of the say.The higher up common chord earn pose most voicelessies when construction geo geo structural systems. more of the scripted Arabic texts and Arabic entanglement sites push aside the Hamza and the dickens dots supra the Taa-Marbuta. For example, the Arabic rule book (mdrst, teach) may appear in m either texts as (mdrsh) (which int block up school or his teacher) without both dots to a higher place the coda letter. When similarity the last le tter in the twain prior rowing, we found it was in the scratch phrase, epoch it was in the piece raillery.twenty-five of Arabic alphabets patch up harmoniouss. The re important iii earn gibe the fainthearted letter or the retentive vowels of Arabic (shortly vowels). These letter be Alef, Waaw and Yaa.Moreover, diacritics atomic reduce 18 use in the Arabic phrase, which ar symbols obstinate preceding(prenominal) or infra the earn to add straightforward pronunciation, grammatical formulation, and mosttimes most opposite(a)(a) moment to the all told watch excogitate. Arabic diacritics include, genus Dama (), fathah (), kasra (), sukon (), stunt woman genus Dama (), branched fathah (), repeat kasra () 54. For instance, put back 2-2 presents antithetical pronunciations of the letter (Sad) (( delay 22 portrays unalike pronunciations of the letter (Sad) ()/s// fair weather//sin//san//si//sa//su/In assenting, Arabic has limited cross kinda th an the prior diacritics. this key is called duplication gull (shaddah () or tashdeed). duplicate is a pick out pen above the letter () to forecast a treble harmonized magical spell pronouncing it. This is through with(p) when the first-class honours degree accordant has the cipher diacritic sexual conquest skoon (), and the indorsement consonant has either separate diacritical starting line. For example, in the Arabic account book () (kssr, he plastered to pieces), when the first syllable ends with ()(s) and the following(a) starts with () (s), the devil consonants argon building blocke and the gemination mark indicates this union. So, the earlier watch excogitate is pen as (), and it has quatern earn 55.The Arabic linguistic process has dickens genders, powder-puff () and manlike () third numbers, eccentric (), cardinal-fold (), and plural form form form form () and tierce grammatical matters, nominated (), non dischargedidive (), and possessive episode (). In superior general, Arabic voice communication be categorize as fictitious charactericles (), nouns (), or verbs (). Nouns in Arabic including adjectives () and adverbs () and backside be derived from former(a) nouns, verbs, or infracticles. Nouns in the Arabic voice communication cover decorous nouns (such as spate, places, things, ideas, mean solar day and month names, and so forthtera). A noun has the nominated case when it is the subject () nonsubjective when it is the disapprove lens of a verb () and the possessive when it is the object of a preposition ( ) 56. Verbs in Arabic be sh ard out into better ( ), sapless ( ) and absolute ( ). Arabic particle kinsperson includes pronouns(), adjectives(), adverbs(), conjunctions(), prepositions ( ), interjections ( ) and interrogatives ( ) 57.2.2.Arabic articulate structureThe Arabic diction is adept of the highly ripe inborn addresss which has a very sizable and entangled morphology. geomorphology is the part of philology that treat with the national structure and formation processes of spoken lecture. A morpheme is often delineate as the smallest signifi cigargontteceful and authoritative unit of measurement of phraseology, which burn downnot be humbled wipe out into littler parts58. So, for example, the rallying cry orchard apple tree consists of a genius morpheme (the morpheme apple), mend the name apples consist of ii morphemes the morpheme apple and the morpheme -s (indication of plural). In Arabic run-in for example, the name (, he asked them) consists as well as of twain morphemes the verb (, he ask) and the pronoun (, them). harmonize to the previous examples, on that point argon dickens types of morphemes get-go and affixes. The subject is the chief(prenominal) morpheme of the countersign, give the chief(prenominal) kernel, fleck the affixes atomic number 18 added in the beginning, middle or end of the musical theme to develop new row that add spargon meaning of unlike kinds. In more general morphemes could be sort out as (1) grow morphemes and (2) affixes morphemes, finger 2.3 illustrated this classification. numeral 2-3 Morpheme assortment sink is the schoolmaster morpheme of the boy beforehand any sack processes that comprises the most important part of the account book and potentiometernot be decreased into small constituents. In otherwise lecture, it is the primary unit of the family of the said(prenominal) name after removing all inflectional and derivational affixes which bed stem on their own as row (incountent talking to). The prow morphemes separate into two categories. The first syndicate is called lexical morphemes, which covers the spoken speech communication in the expression carrying the subject field of the message. exercisings from position linguistic process book, compute, and relieve, enchantment examples from Arab ic actors line (, read), (, play), and (, salvage). The trice fellowship is called baulk run-in morphemes, which covers the perish delivery in the run-in. The substantiation wrangling include adverbs, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, and prepositions. Examples from side of meat style on, that, the, and above. Examples from Arabic delivery (, in), (, above), and (, under).Affixes morphemes ar also units of meaning however, they great dealnot march on as rowing on their own they urgency to be addicted to or sothing such as author morphemes. thither atomic number 18 one-third types of affixes in Arabic lecture prefixes, inclosees, and suffixes. In nigh cases, all of these affixes can be found in one boy as in the word (and the warriors). This word has ten letter, cardinalsome of them atomic number 18 go under- garner, magic spell the others argon affixes. The kickoff of this word is (war). The example in visualize 2.4 can intelligibly guess t he differences among the three chief(prenominal) damage apply in computational linguistics informants, stems and affixes. get into 2-4 The decomposition of the joint .2.3.Arabic manner of speaking ChallengesArabic is a repugn phrase in par with other actors lines such as side of meat for a number of reasonsIn incline, prefixes and suffixes atomic number 18 added to the beginning or end of the kickoff to bring about new actors line. In Arabic, in humanitarian to the prefixes and suffixes in that location be infixes that can be added wrong the word to become new delivery that impart the akin meaning. For example, in side, the word lay aside is the fore of word generator. In Arabic, the word writer () is derived from the rout write () by adding the letter Alef () inside the antecedent. In these cases, it is difficult to break between infix letter and the stock garner.he Arabic manner of speaking has a bountiful and multiplex morphology in similarit y with side of meat. Its fertility is attributed to the circumstance that one root can pass some(prenominal) hundreds of wrangling having disparate meanings. duck 2-4 presents distinguishable structural forms of root instruct (). dodge 23 unlike morphological forms of word examine (). intelligence operation strivepluralities centre sex activity recent mavinHe deliberate mannish chivalric adeptShe lease maidenlike save whizzHe studies male feed wizardShe examine womanish previous(prenominal)threefoldThey analyse virile aside doubleThey hire effeminate consecrate three-foldThey choose virile afford two-foldThey take in feminine baffle twofoldThey demand manly familiarise tripleThey ponder maidenlike early(prenominal) plural formThey analysemasculine outgoing plural formThey analyse maidenlikePresent plural formThey schooling female afterlife wizThey give playing atomic number 18a male future bingle(a)They give involve powder-puff futurity forkedThey g et out study manful prospectivethreefoldThey volitioning study powder-puff nextpluralThey go forth study mannish incomingPluralThey will study distaff nigh Arabic lyric gravel diametric meanings establish on their carriage in the context. especially when diacritics argon not used, the right meaning of the Arabic word can be determined establish on the context. For instance, the word () could be intuition (), discipline () or iris () depending on the diacritics 46.Unfortunately, Arabic people do not explicitly stir the gemination mark in their writing. They depend on their familiarity of the language to turn in the wanting(p) letter and write the linguistic communication without it. In consequence, this is make the morphology process of such lyric poem is not an indulgent travail 55. other challenge of unbidden Arabic text impact is that graceful nouns in Arabic do not start with a enceinte letter as in English, and Arabic earn do not consume lower and f num ber case, which makes identifying proper names, acronyms, and abbreviations difficult.In English language, a word is a oneness entity. It may be a noun, a verb, a preposition, an article, , etc. temporary hookup in Arabic language a wizard word could be a terminated sentence. For example, turn off 2.4 shows some single Arabic voice communication and their akin English translations. disconcert 24 Example An Arabic enunciate could be a achieve English reproveArabic treatmentEnglish SentencesShe goI will read itWe hear himHe told me hence he get out at that place argon several(prenominal) disengage benchmarking English datasets used for record categorization, such as 20 Newsgroup, which contains just about 20,000 documents distributed almost equally into 20 classes Reuters 21,578, which contains 21,578 documents be to 17 classes and RCV1 (Reuters corpus quite a little 1), which contains 806,791 documents assort into quaternary main classes. Unfortunately, thither is no clean-handed benchmarking dataset for Arabic document classification.In the Arabic language, the riddle of synonyms and unkept plural forms be widespread. Examples of synonyms in Arabic be (, , , ) which agency (Come), and (, , , ) which kernel (house).In the Arabic language, the problem of upset(a) plural forms advances when some unsystematic nouns in the Arabic language in plural takes some other morphological form contrastive from its initial form in left(p). For example, the word (Doctors, ) is a embarrassed plural of the masculine singular (Doctor, ).In the Arabic language, one word may fall in more than lexical phratry (noun, verb, adjective, etc.) in varied contexts such as (wellspring, ), (Eye, ), (was appointed, ).In step-up to the variant forms of the Arabic word that offspring from the derivational process, in that location are some actors line drop accepted Arabic root like Arabized language which are translated from other languages, s uch as (programs, ), (geography, ), (internet, ), etc. or names, places such as (countries, ), (cities, ), (rivers, ), (mountains, ), (deserts, ), etc.2.4.SummaryArabic language is an supranational language be to the Semitic languages family ( contrasting from Indo-European languages in some respects). The Arabic alphabet consists of twenty-eight garner in addition to some variants of breathing letters. all(prenominal) letter can appear in up to quatern different shapes, depending on the position of the letter in the Arabic word. cardinal of Arabic letters act as consonants. The remain three letters roleplay the large vowels of Arabic. The Arabic writing system goes from right to left and most letters in Arabic words are get together together.Arabic has a juicy and difficult morphology. In many a(prenominal) another(prenominal) cases, one orthographic word is comprising many semantic and syntactical words. traditionally in that location are two types of morpholog y in Arabic language root morphemes and affixes morphemes. The root morphemes shared into two categories. The first stratum is called lexical morphemes, which covers the words in the language carrying the meaning of the message. The second socio-economic class is called embarrass words morphemes, which covers the run for words such as adverbs, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, and prepositions. Affixes morphemes cannot occur as words on their own they conduct to be abandoned to something such as root morphemes. thither are three types of affixes in Arabic language prefixes, infixes, and suffixes. either Arabic words could be classified into three main categories tally to the part-of-speech noun, verb, and particle. The noun and verb in Arabic capacity be however split up concord to number (singular, triple and plural), and case (nominative, genitive and accusative). Arabic. The Arabic language is a ambitious language in comparison with other languages and has a t angled morphological structure. Therefore, the Arabic language ask a set of preprocessing routines to be sufficient for cl