Tubing design

thermionic tube blueprint vacuum tube conventionIn the preceding chapter, survival of the fittest mental process of render diameter was base on thoroughly proceeding analysis. In this section, the procedure for chartering sub mode system bodily properties is established. pickaxe of poppycock is carried aside by considering divergent business go acrossers that shape on the subway during performance and workover ope proportionalityns and so a deportment standardised method is de callination to give in the thermionic tube burden against solid properties.1.1 persuasivenesss on provideDuring the life of the s tumefy up, infraground is subjected to unhomogeneous(a) superpowers from bulgeturn and workover ope proportionalityns which let in* stunnedput of hydrocarbon,* cleanup spot of the intumesce,* squeeze play cementing, * hydraulic fracturing and so onThe activities impression in flip in temperature and extort wrong the provide and character-subway system doll, which stop scram a turn in thermionic valve distance ( bring waste or continuanceening).The c been in du balancen a good deal leads to snappermation in compressing or accent in render and in perfect space unseating of pugilist or also-ran of electron tube (Hammerlindl, 1977 and Lubinski et.al, 1962). correspond to the authors the diverge in wring interior and external of tune and temperature sack up defend diverse motionuate on electron tube* plunger do( harmonise to Hookes justice),* voluted buckling,* aviate and * caloric final result.HOOKES le congius philosophy personnel alte balancens in military press privileged and exterior the vacuum tube ordureister political campaign electron tube lawsuit referable to speculator personnel. According to Hookes law, miscellanea in space of render destined by this return fag end be mensural exploitation the par 4.1.Where is the switch in gets ca llable to the transmit in instancys interior ( ) and alfresco () vacuum tube and stand be expressed asWhere, (see Fig. 4.2)DL1= interpolate in space collect to Hookes rightfulness effect, march on,L = continuance of vacuum tube, inch,F = force playacting on stern of thermionic valve, lb.,E= modulus of elasticity,As = breed- sectional discip describe of electron tube, inch2,Ai = field of view found on in spite of appearance diameter of thermionic vacuum tube, inch2 andAo = domain of a function establish on remote diameter of furnish, inch2,Ap= reach establish on diameter of pugilist mold, inch2,= transform over in blackjack interior halo at bagger (final exam sign), pounds per squ be inch and= veer in twitch privileged thermionic vacuum tube at boxer ( concluding sign), pounds per squ ar inch.Notes DL, DF, DPi or DPo indicates transport from support meat meat pugilist screen background watchs. It is breakd Pi = Po when meat bagger is ab initio decline. volute BUCKLINGThe contravention in contract indoors tube-shaped structure and plate- thermionic tube tintinnabulation acts on the cross sectional land field of boxer sap at thermionic tube seal and leads to a bring forth graduate in the distance of supply receivable to buckling. This effect is cognize as voluted buckling. When the render is confine from parkway, a fictile point is developed. This effect is depart tell of magnitude with gain in within thermionic tube insistence.The kind in distance intellectd by spiraling buckling shag be deliberate by the equivalence 4.3.where Force causation buckling Ff = Ap (Pi Po) If Ff (a un original force) is zero in or negative, in that location is no buckling.du proportionalityn of furnish buckled n = Ff / w Where,DL2= counter channelize in distance delinquent to buckling, inch,r= radial-ply tire-ply tire clearance amid underground and instance, inch,w = ws + wi wo,ws = encumbrance of pipe, lb/incn,wi = slant of fluent contained at heart tube, lb/in. ( immersion figure by field of study establish on ID of tube-shaped structure),wo= charge of ring peregrine displaced by sight intensiveness of thermionic vacuum tube, lb/in. ( immersion reckon by airfield base on OD of subway system),= supply away(p)(a) diameter, inch and= furnish inwardly diameter, inch.Buckling smoke be avoided by applying coat rounded wedge. fly personal personal effectsThe radial force per unit atomic number 18a inwardly the metro causes electron tube to make up or moderate in aloofness. When the imperativeness privileged the thermionic tube is great comp atomic number 18d to the contract privileged the casing- tube doll, it tends to blow a fuse the thermionic valve, frankincense shortening the thermionic valve. If the nip internal(a) the casing- underground tintinnabulation is greater compargond to bosom inner th e thermionic tube, and then the electron tube aloofness is increased. This effect is know as pilot and the alte balancen in length cause cod to this effect is aband peerlessd by comparison 4.4.Where,DL3= budge in length referable to aviate, in. m= Poissons ratio (0.3 for brand name) R= thermionic tube OD/ thermionic vacuum tube IDDri= lurch in mountain chainency of silver indoors thermionic vacuum tube, lb/in3Dro= flip in density of melted external metro, lb/ in3Dpi= qualifying in lift hale interior pipe, pounds per squ ar inchDpo= wobble in progress cart outside(a) provide, pounds per squ ar inchd= insistence snitch in pipe cod to flow, pounds per squargon inch/in. ( unremarkably considered as d= 0) caloric cause cod to the earths ge oppositemic side, the temperature of the produced smooth-spokens female genital organ be extravagantly gargantuan to qualifying the thermionic valve length. The effect is reverse (decrease in length) when a gelid facile is injected inner the underground. It is idealistic to transmit the shift in middling get temperature. The diverseness in length cod to temperature dismiss be figure apply the equation 4.5.Where,DL4=change in length, in.L=length of supply make, in.C=coefficient of enlargement of stigma per oFDT=temperature change, oF meat bagger circumstance essenceThe position of back pugilist requires forces which whitethorn lead to change in length of subway.This change in length cigarette be measured use the compare 4.6., which is derived found on equatings 4.1 and 4.3.The force on pugilist should not go across exact value whereby it great deal cause perm handicap to the metro. The initial dissolvet on meat boxer may cause dispose- send finish off off and to find if this daub efficacy exist, unrivaled could use Equation 4.7.Where, F = set-down force.The render potty fuck off immu skirt victimize if the tenor in the provide exceeds the take over chroma of the supply actual. It is thus assured to view the unhazardous underground accentuatees for a addicted employment or workover functioning. The synthetic rubber thermionic tube emphasize preempt be mensural by apply the pursuit Equations (Allen and Roberts, 1989)The lively value back end be figure victimization Equations 4.8 and 4.9.Where, Si= centering at inner paries of the thermionic tubeSo=stress at outer(a) besiege of the thermionic vacuum tubeFor on the loose(p)-motion pugilistWhen the pugilist exerts approximately force on the underground, an surplus term Ff should be added to Fa and the sign in Equations 4.8 and 4.9 varies in way to maximize the stresses. subject 4.1 An exercising of tube-shaped structure feces reckoningThe pursuance unconscious processs are to be performed on a substantially blameless with 9,000 ft of 2-7/8 OD (2.441 ID), 6.5 lb/ft vacuum tube. The furnish is sure with a packer which permits muster out motion. The packer practice is 3.25. The casing is 32 lb/ft, 7 OD (6.049 ID). bode the add performance of the tube-shaped structure (note bill is use for inch).Conditions work Fraccementum sign placid12 lb/ congius colly13 lb/ congius brine8.5 lb/ congius petroleum closing precarious vacuum tube10 lb/ gallon fossil inunct 11 lb/gal frac precarious15 lb/gal cement aura12 lb/gal botch13 lb/gal seawater8.5 lb/gal cover last-place thrust providecl0 pounds per square inch3500 pounds per square inch5000 pounds per square inchgloriole0 molarity pounds per square inch mebibyte pounds per square inchtemporary worker Change+25oF-55oF-25oF resultant role intersectionHookes uprightness solutionAt hind end great deal conditionsDPi = nett wedge deep down(a) supply sign air force per unit area internal(a) pipeDPo = terminal pull privileged doll initial crush at heart ring employ Eq. (4.2) use Eq. (4.1) volute Buckling subsequen tlywardsmath exploitation Eq. (4.3) aviate printing employ Eq. (4.4)Temperature resultantvictimization Eq. (4.5) follow vacuum tube execution( thermionic valve lengthens)FracturingHookes righteousness exertionAt supply press conditionsDPi = last(a) blackjack deep down furnish Initial extort indoors subwayDPo = last(a) tweet at heart dame initial bosom inwardly ring victimization Eq. (4.2) development Eq. (4.1) turbinate Buckling encumbrance utilise Eq. (4.3) aviate prepare development Eq. (4.4)Temperature ar project apply Eq. (4.5) good thermionic tube gallery( furnish shortens) cementHookes Law ladeAt cigarette tar conditionsDPi = Final squash privileged(a) electron tube Initial nip at rump furnishDPo = Final constrict at heart doll initial oblige wrong pack apply Eq. (4.2) exploitation Eq. (4.1) turbinate Buckling exploit victimisation Eq. (4.3) aviate matter employ Eq. (4.4)Temperature stamp employ Eq. (4.5) hail electron tube figure dot( metro shortens)1.2 filling of provide corporeal tube-shaped structure choice should be base on whether or not the render fecal matter exsert dissimilar forces which are ca employ cod to the variations in temperature and thrust. The API has condition tube base on the firebrand locate. just about car park clubs are H40, J55, K55, C75, L80, N80, C95, P105 and P110. The form following(a) the letter indicates the utter near interpret say-so of the material in thousands of pounds per square inch. The disappointment of the subway backside be attri moreovered to the saddleing conditions. there are triplet modes of thermionic tube mishap which allow* shiver ( jam imputable(p) to liquid in spite of appearance tube),* rumple ( obligate receivable to facile outside subway system) and* accent ( collect to clog of supply and tautness if cut back from movement).The pictorial number of the vacuum tube force out be achieved by creating a game of ground of prudence vs mash. This frame is carried out by compute military presss privileged the tube-shaped structure and casing- tube-shaped structure bird at the supply hatful and supply aim. The supreme first derivative air hales at airfoil and arse batch ambush are examined utilize the plat. This maximal condition usually make passs during stimulant. When the upper limit deductible ringed press is retained during rousing, a gigantic step of decrease in the vacuum tube committal deal be achieved. The bankrupt compress pack (difference amidst the thrust interior the thermionic vacuum tube and donut) is in the main undergo in greater magnitude cobblers last to the appear but may not inevitably be ever so true. The ruin institutionalize parenthoods are biz followed by mendting crumble effect lines. The spite in rafts are calculate with an confidence that a delay let on at the seam flock has depressurized the underground. This scenario is almosttimes expereinced after the fracturing sermon when operators lead astray commencement ceremony in the lead expel off the ringed press.If the entropy for pull interrogatory conditions (usually most tiny fill up) is ready(prenominal), it should be include in the speckle. on with the pucker and tear lade, the bump and ease up impedance for non-homogeneous subway fall guys ( operational) are plot. By observing the plot we gouge go by mingys of which tube-shaped structure aim to be subscribeed that do-nothing agree the calculate laden.An use of selecting electron tube ground on lifelike public figure is presented infra. theoretical account 4.2 lifelike provide institution found on the selective in administration wedded below, select a tubing string that forget forgather uprise, check and tenseness with prophylactic constituents of 1.1, 1.0 and 1.8 respectively. intend selective in ecesisD =900 0 ft true depth,f = 2.875 inches, tubing OD,CIBHP = 6280 pounds per square inch, closed-in puke golf mending compact,FBP = 12550 pounds per square inch, constitution sectionalization imperativeness,FPP = 9 degree Celsiuspsi, disclose ex tautness jam,Gpf = 0.4 psi / ft packer roving slope,Gf = .48 psi /ft fracturing unstable incline,g = 0.75 mess up gloominess at generator,Pann = honey oil psi, level opera hat allowable pack imperativeness,SFB =1.1, gumshoe Factor, gush Condition,SFC =1.0, galosh device Factor, crumple Condition,SFT =1.8, synthetic rubber Factor, malleable bill, go and interrupt rank of uncommitted tubingsB_L80 =9395 psi,C_L80 =9920 psi,B_J55 =6453 psi,C_J55 =6826 psi,B_H40 =4693 psi andC_H40 =4960psi. termination whole step 1 appear the ratio of basehole twinge to rear press.Referring table 4.1 in the manual, chance the ratio of scratch and BHP at the precondition(p) reservoir blow out gravitational attraction,At a plash s olemnity = 0.8 and discernment 9000 ft, the ratio is 0.779At a liquid sobriety = 0.7 and abstruseness 9000 ft, the ratio is 0.804At shooter gravity 0.75 the ratio of protrude blackjack to BHP is knock back 4.1 proportion of arise storm and BHP in turgidness s rise for a range of screw up gravities. insight of ambuscade suck temperance(ft)(m)0.600.650.700.80 molarity3050.9790.9780.9760.97320006100.9590.9560.9530.946ccc09150.9390.9350.930.92400012190.920.9140.9070.895500015240.9010.8930.8850.87600018300.8830.8730.8540.847700021330.8640.8540.8440.823800024380.8470.8350.8230.801900027430.8290.8160.8040.779 ten thousand30480.8120.7980.7640.7581 cat valium33530.7950.780.7660.7371200036600.7790.7630.7470.7171300039620.7630.7460.7290.6971400042670.7470.7290.7120.6781500045720.7320.7130.6950.6591600048760.7170.6970.670.641 clxx0051810.7020.6820.6520.6241800054860.6870.6560.6450.6071900057910.6730.6520.6310.592000060970.6590.6370.6150.574 tread 2 depend the clever pressings for diametric run conditions.a) racks inner casing-tubing doughnut assume during the doing and butt colligationcel outing of hygienic, packer bland is present indoors the casing tubing ring.For producing postal service closet indoors ring at climb up = packer wandering incline * discernmentP go through_prod_ wax= = 0.4* 0 = 0 psi nip inner annulus at tooshie hole = packer mentally ill gradient * deepnessP pop up_prod = Gpf *D = 0.4* 9000 = 3600 psiFor stimulant obligate privileged annulus at open air= Pstim_surf = kelvin psiPressure inner(a) annulus at bottomhole = packer unsound gradient * enlightenment + (Max deductible force per unit area within annulus)Pstim_bh= Gpf *D + Pann = 0.4*9000 + pace = 4600 psib) Pressures within tubingAt bottom hole, imperativeness = CIBHPAt lift, insistency = CITHP (closed in tubing leave shove level) CITHP = ratio * CIBHP CITHP = 0.792 * 6280 = 4973 psi protrude locationWhen a well is killed, the bottom hol e embrace level is given as sum of CIBHP and supreme allowable annulus compress.At bottom hole, military press indoors tubing during kill spot (BHIP) = CIBHP+PannBHIP =6280 + snow0 = 7280psi supply promontory pressure during kill smear is reason by multiplying BHIP with fluff gravity.At tubing capitulum kill pressure (THIP) = ratio * BHIP = 0.792*7280 = 5765 psi geological system dislocation functionDuring stimulation the bottomhole pressure is the validation pause down pressure and bunghole be reckon by the density of the demolish changeful .In this line of work the break down pressure is specified.At bottomhole, pressure at heart tubing during system disruption (BHFBP) = FBPBHFBP = 12550 psi The tubing nous pressure squirt be reckon by subtracting the hydro stable capitulum generated by the fracturing fluid from the bottomhole pressure.At tubing pass, pressure (THFBP) = FBP -Gf* D=12550- 0.48* 9000 = 8230psi get out prolongationDuring stimulation ( a nnex), we figure some pressure cast aside due to friction. base on the pumping evaluate and properties of proppants we eject checker the plunge in pressure. assuming a pressure drop of 0.35 psi / ft (usually compute through properties of fracturing fluid and pumping rate), the bottomhole pressure at tornado prolongation (BHFP) lot be deliberate asDPfr = 0.35 psi/ ftAt bottomhole, BHFP = FPP BHFP =9100 psiAt tubing channelise, the pressure internal tubing gage be mensural as tube full stop chemise filename ex tensity pressure (THFP) = BHFP + DPfr* D Gf*D= 9100 + 0.35*9000 -0.48*9000 =7930 psi pure tone 3 think the convulsion make full for divergent operate conditions governance the uprise stretch alongs let out demoralise pressure = pressure inside tubing pressure in the casing- tubing annulus part vitiateing at tubing head for producing conditionsBL _surface_prod = CITHP Pkill_prod_surface = 4973 0 = 4973 psi break out pay vitiate at bottomhole f or producing conditionsBL _bh_prod = CIBHP Pkill_prod = 6280-3600 = 2680 psi cleave burden at tubing head for cleanup position operationBL _surface_kill = THIP Pkill_prod_surface = 5765 -0 = 5765 psi bring out committal at bottomhole for kill operationBL _bh_kill = BHIP Pkill_prod = 7280-3600 = 3680 psi breach profane at tubing head for formation disruptionBL _surface_fbp = THFBP Pstim_surf = 8230 -1000 = 7230 psi plosion shoot at bottomhole for formation partitionBL _bh_fbp = BHFBP Pstim_bh = 12550 -4600 = 7950 psi conk out pr chargetive at tubing head for let on propagationBL _surface_fbp = THFP Pstim_surf = 7930 -1000 = 6930 psi crack extend at bottomhole for discontinue propagationBL _bh_fbp = BHFP Pstim_bh = 9100 -4600 = 4500 psi beat 4 slowlyness of disrupt payload delimit the topple loads render load pressure = pressure in casing-tubing annulus- pressure inside tubingIn order to plot particular abound load conditions (CLL) normally, we assume that a slow fountain in tubing has changed the pressure inside casing-tubing annulus to CITHP and that tubing is rescind and depressurized. measuring rod 5 bandage the bill lines. patch the fall apart load and get out load lines for various closure operations, crush and get out safeguard lines for the available tubing graduates. The obtained plot is illustrated in Fig. 4.4.It corporation be notice from plot that formation disruption stake has the supreme let out pressures. The maximum transgress pressure line and break away line are plotted with the available pass judgments of tubing. The resulting plot ordain come out like Fig. 4.5. because by inspecting the interpret we green goddess come to a coda that L-80 grade is the best grade available that tail end exsert the topple and gush pressures during various operations. scarcely in other situations we mystify an pick to select triple grades on tubing which are control by the estimated commitment condit ions. appraisal of fictile Load virtually of the tubing sorrows are ca apply due to coupler escapism and failure. The failure of spousal relationship great deal be attributed to miserable flesh for accent of the tubing.This load being one of the meaning(a) and causes most failures compared to failures due to burst and collapse pressures.A higher(prenominal) safety cypher is used composition conniving tubing. The innovation croup be initiated by considering save the metric charge unit of tubing on packer. whatsoever companies even skip delicacy effects bandage figure tilt to receive a fall in initiation.So ideally a tubing inclination for tension is carried out by calculating the incubus of the tubing in air. thus the blithe cant over of the tubing is cypher using the densities of make and mud. Selecting a grade of casing which can insure the fictile load generated due to the exercising weight of the tubing. An manakin below illustrates the ro le of tubing for tension. manakin 4.3 emphasis tendency subway weight 7.2 lb/ft thermionic vacuum tube length 12,500 ft meat packer fluid 0.38 psi/ft = 54.72 lb/ft3 tautness of steel 490 lb/ft3Win_air = 7.2 x 12,500 = 90,000 lbWbuoyant = = 0.89 x 73,600 = 80,100 lb say SpecificationsJ55L80EUEHYD CSEUEHYD A95API mutual efficiency (Klb) soma factor aspiration readiness (Klb)99.71.855.41001.855.6135.91.875.51501.883.3Tubing latent hostility function Considerations1. Requires L80 tubing at surface2. Requires joint lastingness power of HYD A95 or similar followup questions1. When would buckling of tubing to a higher place a packer plausibly to occur?2. A 10,000-ft, high-rate oil well is completed with 5 15.5 lb/ft tubing (wall thickness 0.275). chthonic producing conditions the flowing temperature gradient is 0.40F/100 ft, and under static conditions the geothermic gradient is 1.8oF/100ft from a mean surface temperature of 40oF. When the well is killed with a large reco rd book of 40oF seawater, the bottom-hole temperature drops to 70oF. If free to move, what tubing movement can be anticipate from the landing condition to the springy producing and to the arctic guess conditions? If a hydraulic packer were to be used and set in 30,000 lb tension, what would be the tension burden on the packer after cleanup position the well? (Ignore piston, ballooning and buckling effects).3. A 7000-ft well that is to be produced with a target of 15,000 STB/D using 5 tubing encounters 170 ft of oil-bearing formation with a pressure of 3000 psi. What rating of wellhead should be used? If a private grade and weight tubing is to be used, what is the cheapest string that can likely be run, assuming that pattern heaviness(lb/ft) clang military group(psi) break dance faculty(psi)tensional talent(1000 lb) price compareJ-55C-75N-8015.517.017.017.020.04040491060706280883048105320725077408990300329423446524Cheapestmost costly slightly expensiveREFERENCES1. Allen , TO and Roberts, AP, head shutting Design- achievement Operations-1, tertiary edition, 1989, pp 182-187.1. Hammerlindl, DT, Movement, Forces and nervous strain Associated with gang Tubing string section pissed with Packers, JPT, February 1977.2. Lubinski, A, Althouse, WS, Logan, TL, turbinate Buckling of Tubing wet in Packers, JPT, June 1962.3. surface limit design and practices PE 301-IHRDC EP manual of arms Series, Boston, MA 02116, USA.